Free Essays

To give the Satan his work is fiction Wilde brightly uses the chance to author ‘s remarks ( comments ) , which gives accounts to the text of a dramatic work, incorporating a description of the state of affairs, the outside of the histrions, the behaviour of the characters in the drama and some other information.

From them we get the information and feelings, which are improbable to hold been able to acquire when watching the drama, and to understand that we have and what the writer says in his comments, concealed significance, you must hold cognition of the worlds of the clip, location, societal stratum, in which the action. You must make up one’s mind the sum of undertakings to work out a set of mystifiers that we offer Wilde.

Puzzles start from the beginning of the text. The individuals of the drama opens The Earl of Caversham, KG What does it intend K.G. ? This is a Knight Companion of the Garter. The Most Baronial Order of the Garter is an order of gallantry, or knighthood, arising in medi?val England. Membership in the Order is purely limited and includes the sovereign, the Prince of Wales, non more than 24 comrade members, and assorted excess members. Merely 24! Interestingly, as we know it, if we look merely present action? What will the manager, if it considers that these two letters – the writer ‘s name to him? Would set the histrion in the mantle and chapeau of the Order? This will give a wholly unneeded amusing consequence, the Earl of Caversham is a really serious individual and non dress them in inappropriate clip and topographic point scene. You can adorn the costume hero Badge of the Order of the Garter, but whether the public understands what it is? Particularly from the back rows.

No, this is merely a literary device, it is a mark for the reader who understands the reader who instantly allocate a statement and state to himself, after reading the undermentioned line – , his Son: A«It is clear with whom we work. ” For audiences the premiere, which were besides to some extent, the readers, as acquainted with the drama before a public presentation at the theatre plan that is an indicant of Wilde ‘s spoken a batch more than us, the dwellers of the 21 century. For them it was an allusion to specific persons, who could conceive of that it was possible to correlate what is go oning on phase. Merely 24 people in England. And surely few of them actively participated in political activities, near to the premier curate, as the Earl of Caversham.

A A A A A A No, non the household of the Knights of the Garter were non among the baronial, but destitute households, and Viscount Goring will populate in Curzon Street, following door to Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield. Oscar Wilde ( and non merely he ) likes to set his characters at that reference. In The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, Lord Henry Wotton lives on Curzon Street. In Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, Rawdon and Rebecca Crawley live in a really little comfy house in Curzon Street, Mayfair.

A A A A A The supporter, Sir Robert Chiltern, Bart. , Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs has lived in Grosvenor Square. It ‘s besides rather a respectable topographic point, foremost, but non top class. Wilde in two dramas, references this country, and we can understand how at that clip lady of high society ( or think they are ) assessed its occupants. In Oscar Wilde ‘s drama “ Lady Windermere ‘s Fan ” , the Duchess of Berwick says, “ I think on the whole that Grosvenor Square would be a more healthy topographic point to shack in. There are tonss of coarse people live in Grosvenor Square, but at any rate there are no horrid kangaroos creeping about. “ Grosvenor Square appears in the drama “ The Importance of Bing Earnest ” when Lady Bracknell makes the remark about force in Grosvenor Square because of the lower categories having instruction.

A A A A A A A A In add-on, there is a particular type of right of first publication comments that Wilde introduces specifically to the histrion could convey the thought of a concealed secret plan in the signifier in which he conceived himself a dramatist.

By agencies of representing the content of the right of first publication comments, which flank the secret plan node ( whether in the program, expecting his debut to the text of the play, whether in footings of disrupting the development of the episode, whether in the program, following it ) , we can separate certain signifiers of external behaviour character drama. The most widely represented in the texts of the play group of non-linguistic agencies are directing gestures. The chief map of such gestures lies in concentrating the attending of the audience at the events, phenomena, objects to which the dramatist in the class of the drama once more and once more returns the spectator. Among the steering gestures can be identified:

1. associatory gestures ( gestures, typical behaviour of a individual belonging to a peculiar societal group, which reveal his beginnings and upbringing ) . This sort of gesture is particularly of import in play. For illustration, early in the 3rd act:

[ Enter LORD GORING in flushing frock with a button hole. He is have oning a silk chapeau and Inverness ness. White-gloved, he carries a Louis Seize cane. His are all the delicate fopperies of Fashion. One sees that he stands in immediate relation to mod A¬ ern life, makes it so, and so Masterss it. He is the first well-groomed philosopher in the history of idea? ]

LORD GORING. Got my 2nd button hole for me, Phipps?

PHIPPS. Yes, my Godhead. [ Takes his chapeau, cane, and ness, and presents new button hole on salver. ]

Of class, literary features Phipps’a, given Wilde a spot earlier – it is non merely an indicant of the manager and histrion, is the image of the ideal retainer of the Victorian epoch. By and large in the drama, Wilde ‘s all perfect. Not merely the ideal hubby Sir Robert Chiltern, a perfect married woman Lady Chiltern, perfect friend Lord Goring, an ideal pantryman. Wilde and wrote: A«Phipps, the pantryman, is set uping some newspapers on the writing-table. The differentiation of Phipps is his emotionlessness. He has been termed by partisans the Ideal Butler. The Sphinx is non so incommunicable. He is a mask with a mode. Of his intel A¬ lectual or emotional life, history knows nil. He repre A¬ sents the laterality of signifier. A»

2. affecting gestures:

Mrs. Marchmont. ( Pressing Lady Basildon ‘s manus. ) My hapless Olivia. We have married perfect hubbies, and we are good punished for it.

At this statement Mrs. Marchmont direct nexus with the name of the merchandise – “ An Ideal Husband. ” This sort of gesture – in this instance, clinching his custodies – said the significance of this episode.

3. rhythmic gestures:

Lord Goring. ( Taping his boot with his cane ) . And public dirt constantly the consequence. To the remark by Robert Chiltern, the enigma – the really beginning of wealth, Lord Goring comes to the decision that every enigma ends in dirt. Stating Lord Goring is supported by forceful force per unit area on the spouse. Contrasting his position the places of Robert Chiltern, he drew the attending of the middleman non merely in words but besides their deeper significance in the subtext. This episode is a semantic unit plot line, denoted

4. gestures of silence:

In the scene where Lord Goring reveals the fact of his familiarity with Mrs. Cheveley, it is non configured to demo this side of his life to stop, hence, by expecting a recurrent Center comment dramatist, he begins to rectify the tie by exchanging the attending of the middleman with the topic of the stuff object, and showing therefore their relevancy to the subject as something purportedly non of peculiar involvement. That this is the chief value of the episode, viz. : to concentrate the spectator ‘s attending on minor points of action, capable of later developing the plot line drama. Additionally, a dramatist used the points merely underscores understatement:

Sir Robert Chiltern. Did you know her well?

Lord Goring. ( Arranging his necktie ) . So small that I got engaged to be married to her one time, when I was remaining at the Tenbys ‘ . The matter lasted for three yearss… about.

Scope of non-verbal tools that accompany the visual aspect in the text of the cardinal episodes of the play, complement besides:

1. facial looks of characters:

In the 3 rd act plays Lord Goring promised to manus over Mrs. Cheveley constabularies. Author ‘s comment, which introduces an of import episode in the plot-line thematic conspired to Mrs. Cheveley, that marks the prostration of programs insidious adult female gives a elaborate description of her reaction to this menace, accompanied by the undermentioned set of gestural agencies:

Mrs. Cheveley. ( Is now in an torment of physical panic. Her face is distorted. Her oral cavity awry. A mask has fallen from her. She is, for a minute, awful to look at. ) Do n’t make that. I will make anything you want. Anything in the universe you want.

2. other signifiers of behaviour associated with the contemplation:

Lord Goring. I ca n’t state you how at present. I have non the smallest thought. But every one has some weak points. There is some flow in each of us. ( Strolls to the hearth and looks at himself in the glass. ) My male parent Tells me that even I have mistakes. Possibly I have. I do n’t cognize.

In a conversation with Robert Chiltern ‘s inquiry of how to cover with Mrs. Cheveley, Lord Goring drops the phrase that everyone has failings and that everyone makes errors. At a clip when Arthur Goring said this, he, harmonizing to the writer ‘s comment attach toing the episode, goes to the mirror and stares at him as if seeking to look inside themselves. His ideas appear in the unformed province. Subsequently, the thought of a dark yesteryear, sounding in this episode, will be developed in a scene exposing Mrs. Cheveley.

4. See particularly:

The last scene of the 3rd act of the drama by O. Wilde “ An Ideal Husband. ” The actress, who plays Mrs. Cheveley, should follow the writer ‘s comment to demo how smart her character stole the missive Lady Chiltern. Therefore, guided by the writer ‘s comment, she says adieu to Lord Goring, overlooking the master:

Mrs. Cheveley. ( After a intermission ) . Lord Goring simply rang that you should demo me out. Good-night, Lord Goring!

( Goes out followed by Phipps. Her face is illumined with evil victory. There is a joy in her eyes. Young person seems to hold come back to her. Her last glimpse is like a fleet pointer. Lord Goring Bites his lip, and lights a coffin nail. ) .

Detailed analysis of the writer ‘s comments lead to a decision about the importance of reiterating the gesture, moving on the rule of the learned stimulation. So, one time used a gesture incarnating one mute intimation that it is necessary for the subsequent perceptual experience of the secret plan serves as a accelerator of the escalation of tenseness, originating in subsequent episodes of all new semantic karyon, base on balls into the cardinal nexus, and eventually climaxing in a general semantic site drama:

Sir Robert Chiltern. A political life is a baronial calling!

Mrs. Cheveley. Sometimes. And sometimes it is a cagey game, Sir Robert. And sometimes it is a great nuisance.

Sir Robert Chiltern. Which do you happen it?

Mrs. Cheveley. I? A combination of all three. ( Drops her fan. ) ( Wilde O. 2004, P.13 ) .

In footings of expressiveness, the cardinal minute, the spectator focuses on the importance of a drama on the phase of the episode can be considered as a gesture of Mrs. Cheveley, if by chance dropped a fan during a conversation with Robert Chiltern is about political relations.

Following move to the episode, when Robert Chiltern offers his middleman to see several pictures by Corot, but Mrs. Cheveley is traveling to speak about the instance:

Mrs. Cheveley ( Shaking her caput. ) I am non in a temper tonight for Ag dusks, or rose-pink mornings. I want to speak concern. ( Motions to him with her fan to sit down once more beside her. ) .

On the inevitableness of a serious conversation indicates a gesture of Mrs. Cheveley, who she with fans, had already been present in old episodes of the same plot-line and received a thematic update in the last episode, makes Sir Robert one time once more to take a place beside her.

And eventually, the last of this series of scenes, all three of which are a series of consecutive episodes related to one of the plot lines, which can be randomly labeled as “ conspire Mrs. Cheveley. It is this cardinal minute in the drama is a major milepost in the composite secret plan and must be disclosed subsequently in the narrative line position. So, as a consequence of the turning strength of psychological force per unit area Mrs. Cheveley convicts Robert Chiltern is a offense of national importance:

Mrs. Cheveley. ( Detains him by touching his arm with her fan, and maintaining it there while she is speaking. ) I realize that I am speaking to a adult male who laid the foundation of his luck by selling to a Stock Exchange speculator a Cabinet secret. ( O. Wilde 2004, P.26 ) .

The concluding reading of a literary work comes merely after reading the full text of the drama. Assess the rubric as one of the text, a codification of all work, can merely be coming back, reread or retrieve the whole drama in general. Neobhodtmo emphasize that the most intimate contact with the spectator must be installed precisely in cardinal episodes, whose synthesis and creates a semantic unit of a dramatic work.

Guided by the undertaking, the dramatist introduces into the text episodes are in the signifier of distant location in the text of the drama allow the spectator to grok the really specific piece of an intricate program, detaining a concluding denouement secret plan production.

Consequently, such an episode, reasoning a partial information about one or another side of the narrative is non merely one constituent of the significance encoded in the drama and its prima constituent, intentionally concealed to a certain point in development activities.

A A A A A Often, as one of the methods of presenting the most relevant information for the spectator softly appears apothegm. For illustration bend to play:

Flushing party in full swing. On the phase there is a figure of Sir Robert Chiltern. He speaks with Lady Markby and inquired from her, who is the capturing adult female, whom she brought with her. Lady Markby calls her name – Mrs. Cheveley – and makes the premise that she is from dorsetshirskih Cheveley, although he admits that might be incorrect, because, as a regulation, everyone is person different:

Lady Markby. Her name is Mrs. Cheveley! One of the Dorsetshire Cheveleys, I suppose. But I truly do n’t cognize. Families are so assorted presents. Indeed, as a regulation, everybody turns out to be person else.

Ultimately, Lady Markby far from the truth: we subsequently learn from the episodes, which in the class of action has repeatedly returned to the spectator to the witty remark made by Lady Markby that the chief characters of the “ rich ” history, and provided that certain biographical facts to emerge surface, each of them will look before your eyes as other members of the drama, and the reader / viewer an wholly different mode.

So, long before Mrs. Cheveley able to carry Sir Robert Chiltern at his side, Lord Goring, interchanging with Lady Basildon meaningless phrases about the political salons and the argument in Parliament, expressed the position that listening to – a really unsafe thing because you can convert the 1 who can convert himself by ground – is really unwise to make a:

Lord Goring ( in his most serious mode. ) Of class. You see, it is a really unsafe thing to listen. If one listens one may be convinced ; and a adult male who allows himself to be convinced by an statement is a exhaustively unreasonable individual.

Given episode in a veiled signifier lineations follow waies in the development of the secret plan, viz. : a line repeated efforts to carry Mrs. Cheveley Robert Chiltern is to make up one’s mind on fiscal fraud, fall backing to psychological use, and unfastened to blackjack the facts of his yesteryear.

A A A A A A The most interesting from the point of view of constructing a secret plan to utilize the dramatist overlapping or thematically convergent nodal points plot lines. An illustration of this type of intersection of nodal minutes like these, taken to exemplify the comedy O. Wilde ‘s Ideal Husband. “ Lengthy tirade Mrs. Cheveley, Lady Chiltern stating the consent of her hubby ‘s support is really questionable undertaking to construct the Argentine channel ( which, in kernel, is the focal point for a thematic story-line as “ conspire Mrs. Cheveley ) , all of a sudden punctuated by the statement of Lady Chiltern in which she emphasizes the absurdness of the endeavor and the inability of her hubby, a adult male from her point of position, honest in all respects, to give a positive response ( nodal point, describing to the revelation of the subject of the ideal ) :

Lady Chiltern. There must be some error. That strategy could ne’er hold my hubby ‘s support.

Mrs. Cheveley. Oh, I assure you it ‘s settled… ( O. Wilde 2004, P. 32 ) .

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 besides referred to as HASAW or HSW is the primary piece of statute law covering occupational wellness and safety in the United Kingdom. The Health and Safety Executive is responsible for implementing the Act and a figure of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment.

The HSE has many divisions that cover the industries from atomic power, agribusiness, railways to building. The act was put in topographic point to stand for and look after employees, employers and self employed throughout any type of industry or workplace. It is most prevailing and believable in the civil technology and building industries. Management has a cardinal function and duty to play when it comes to H & A ; S ( wellness and safety ) and in order to relay this efficaciously to the workplace, regular meetings with the employer, the work force and cardinal members of direction in the building stage are needed this being the chief contractor, employer and the planning supervisor are needed.

One of the chief responsibilities of the employer is to confer with and collaborate with employees on safety steps, this significance any safety facet of the workplace should for good pattern be discussed with the employees who use the machinery or will necessitate to utilize the machinery. Such as a brick bed will discourse safety steps and duties with the employer for illustration utilizing appropriate footway, steel cap boots and baseball mitts to protect his custodies. The employer under the wellness and safety act should supply these free of charge and have a brochure giving new employees what you must consume to follow with ordinances of the authorities. This is really clip devouring nevertheless a great strength of the act is as it ensures everyone is trained.

Another of import responsibility to reason is to guarantee all employees have the relevant preparation and supervising to finish their occupation safely with the equipment their utilizing. An illustration of this hedge pruner for illustration demands developing in thruming and if the hedge row is on main road he ‘ll necessitate equal safety on main roads certification or he wo n’t be able to work on main road land. Therefore the employer will hold to put up necessary preparation and processs into pattern to cut down the hazard of hurt. More frequently than non a wellness and safety adviser will see assorted sites to guarantee the right safety safeguards are in topographic point and the safety policy implemented is accurate and efficient, this is frequently looked at as a failing to the act as it slows down work the bow wastes money as people are invariably felt they are being under ticker.

Another duty the employer has bestowed on him is fixing the wellness and safety file and advising the H & A ; S Executive about the plants and that the F10 is displayed in a outstanding place for the whole of the work force to see from the client to the builder. Under the contractor he is responsible for the bulk of the work force out on site this including bricklayers, builders, roofers, sub contractors etc. However subcontractors besides have sum liability on there shoulders although they are non straight in charge of any of the work force except their ain small squads they do hold to lend to the wellness and safety which is provide method statements and hazard appraisals to the employer and client to guarantee it is accurately stored and made a record of any jobs, hazards or possible jeopardies. A method statement inside informations how company is traveling to set about the work, what it will utilize and what safeguards it will take.

Employers have responsibilities to transport out their ain work in a safe and appropriate manner. Anyone making building work has a responsibility to collaborate with others on affairs of wellness and safety and study any defects to those in control. One of the general responsibilities is to guarantee a safe topographic point of work and safe agencies of entree to and from the topographic point of work, this Regulation sets out a general demand which applies to all building work.

Under the Regulation it requires the followers:

Plant and Equipment

All works and equipment should be maintained in a sensible status so that it remains safe and without hazards to wellness. Certain equipment eg, cranes/hoists, is capable to statutory review.

Training

Ensure that individuals who carry out work activities have received equal preparation so

that they carry out their work in a safe mode with minimal hazards.

Inspection Excavations, caissons or coffers must hold the topographic point of work inspected before work commences and at regular intervals by a competent individual, who must be satisfied that the work can be done safely.

The Employer ‘s functions and duties on a wellness and safety aspect side are huge and elaborate and are required by jurisprudence in order to follow with authorities ordinances and statute law. One of the chief responsibilities of the employer is to guarantee a safe environment for all employees ; this includes supplying safe systems of work, safe handling, storage, preparation and supervising. They are besides obligated to supply a wellness and safety policy made accessible to everyone that works within the office or officers and any visitants coming in and out of the premises. Another cardinal function the employer has to include in his undertakings, such as confer withing on safety steps with his/ her employees every bit good as clasp respect for ordinances brought up by the safety commissions. Another cardinal fact to see is whether there are relevant and up to day of the month wellness and safety policy in topographic point.

The employer has a package of duty particularly when it comes to safety and public assistance, the employees must besides take some facets into history. Under the HASAWA it states employees must move with due attention for themselves every bit good as collaborating with the employer through such methods as a talk box. This is where everyone stops work for a short period of clip and speak about safety facets of the occupation they are working on. It is besides good pattern non to recklessly interfere or misapply anything ; this includes equipment and bodily injury.

Self employed

Self employed such as Subcontractors do non hold as such direct contact with wellness and safety issues nevertheless they have to stay by jurisprudence and be provided with relevant safety information and equipment such as safety spectacless, baseball mitts etc to finish the work. They must besides finish an initial site initiation before they are allowed on site entirely and to guarantee they are up to rush with all demands and conditions on site

However like all Torahs they are on a regular basis updated with new ordinances and processs, this is a monolithic nuisance in the industry as every twelvemonth monolithic sums of money has to be spent to acquire new equipment and processs put in topographic point to collaborate with these new Torahs other wise they face prosecution! An illustration of this is tougher powers to HSE inspectors being able to shut down the site which will be lay waste toing for the company nevertheless it does better safety as it ensures companies do all they can to guarantee the site is safe as possible.

Since this legalization has come into force in 1981 we can see the fatal hurts bit by bit worsening over the old ages, this can be seen in the diagram below:

Has it been successful? Well the reply to that is yes and no, yes the hurts have decreased over the old ages and seem to be a gradual diminution and the general public assistance and safety has immensely increased over the 30 old ages to workers including that of employers, employees and self employed nevertheless many little and minor hurts frequently go unreported and unbridled particularly in the building industries so its really ill-defined to acquire an accurate consequence to turn out overall hurts have dropped besides the graph above shows a few anomalousnesss in the consequences for illustration 00/01 has had a monolithic addition and goes against the overall tendency of the graph the consequence it self is inline with that of the 93/94, tendency which is a really high figure of fatal accidents that twelvemonth whats the cause for this? Lack of following wellness and safety jurisprudence? Cowboy builders? The most likely ground is a rush in the building industry due to the fact of a roar in the economic system giving more people disposable hard currency which went on the demand of new houses more autos hence bigger/ new roads, more Bridgess etc making 100s of more occupations in the building and civil technology industry hence increasing the accident rate due to more people being on site has 100 people working one site 1 may acquire fatally injured but if a 1000 people are now working on that site 10 people may acquire fatally injured, giving us an account to why the deceases have increased that twelvemonth. However overall due to this authorities funded jurisprudence, working within a unsafe industry has greatly improved the well being and safety of all persons on site

2 ) Failure to react with the HSE inspector “ notices ” can take to prosecution in tribunal. Discuss when and why notices are issued and what affect they have. Do contractors have any right to differ with an inspector ‘s determination?

HSE inspectors have many powers given to them by authorities to prosecute and warn companies who fail to stay to the wellness and safety at work act. The chief object of review is to excite conformity with wellness and safety statute law and to guarantee that a good criterion of protection is maintained. Inspectors have, and do usage of, of import statutory powers.

They can come in any premises at any clip where work is carried out, without giving notice. They can speak to employees and safety representatives, take exposure and samples, and impound unsafe equipment and substances. If they are non satisfied by the degrees of wellness and safety criterions being achieved, they have several agencies of obtaining betterments:

Informal Notice

This is frequently in the signifier of advice and counsel to employers for illustration doing the site tidy, it is non recorded and simply a conversation takes topographic point between the site director and the HSE inspector and demand to be improved by the following clip the inspector comes out to see the site or it will be put into a formal notice or if things gets earnestly worse it may travel directly to betterment notice or probation notice depending on the badness of the instance.

Formal Notice

Similar to the informal notice this concurs a warning nevertheless this is in composing and sent to the company every bit good as the site director to better plants, the HSE inspector will so set up another site meeting to look into it has been acted upon. Failure to follow with this will ensue in farther action.

Improvement Notice

An betterment notice requires a dispute to be remedied within a specified clip, normally 21 yearss. This besides includes a missive detailing jobs and a verification missive has been done. It is besides published on the HSE web site so wholly can see. An betterment notice can non be used to necessitate a responsibility holder to make something which has no come-at-able terminal within the conformity period. For illustration, a notice might necessitate a responsibility holder to supply, by a given day of the month, a guard on a unsafe portion of machinery but it can non necessitate the individual to keep the guard in good status as this would be an on-going demand. A notice can, nevertheless, decently require that, by the given day of the month, a suited system is put into topographic point to guarantee that the guard is maintained in an efficient province, efficient working order and good fix. Besides a treatment with the responsibility holder about the notice of how s/he can follow with it. An attempt should be made to decide any points of difference

Probation Notice

A prohibition notice is issued if there is a hazard of serious personal hurt and it requires to be stopped instantly or after a specified clip unless remedial action is taken. A prohibition notice may be served on any individual in control of a procedure or a piece of works topic to the relevant statutory commissariats. This includes an employee who may non be cognizant that the activity is insecure and is moving in conformity with his/her employer ‘s instructions. In such fortunes, the employer should be contacted to rede them of the state of affairs and the proposed notice. The inspector may see functioning a notice on both employer and employee.

Prosecution

Prosecution in the condemnable tribunals are heard by magistrates who may, for serious offenses, enforce a maximal mulct of ?20 000. Some instances are referred to the Crown Court where there is no bound on the all right that may be imposed

Entreaty

There is a right of entreaty to an employment court, in this instance betterment notices are suspended pending the hearing of the entreaty but a prohibition notice remains in force unless the tribunal directs otherwise. . If the individual in reception of the notice decides to appeal they must direct notice of the entreaty to the employment court within 21 yearss of service of the betterment or prohibition notice. The consequence of an entreaty is to suspend an betterment notice. A prohibition notice is non suspended but the plaintiff in error can use to the Tribunal for a way suspending the operation of the notice until the entreaty is eventually disposed of or withdrawn. Where a notice has been complied with, the Tribunal may however make up one’s mind on its cogency. If there is no substance to the entreaty, it may be invited to disregard the entreaty. Appellants can make up one’s mind to continue with an entreaty even after they have complied with the notice, as the service of a notice is a affair of populace record which can impact their peculiar concern.

3 ) The building and design ordinances 2007 provide that the client must do cardinal assignments, explain what their specific responsibilities and duties are. Outline why these assignments must be made and why the timing of their assignment is of import. Besides provide inside informations of specific illustrations when the CDM ordinances do and do n’t use to building or technology plants.

The building and design ordinances 2007 list inside informations on assorted regulations and ordinances of all those involved in the design and building stage, listed below are a list of the chief group involved in the building and design and there duties:

Client

It ‘s the client ‘s duty to show an acceptable criterion of wellness and safety. This will include naming a planning supervisor, supplying wellness and safety information and naming a chief contractor. Although these are the chief responsibilities frequently taken by the client before work starts there are a few others that sometimes clients bury or do n’t gain they have duty to make them this includes, a wellness and safety program for the building stage of the plants and they must maintain and hive away the wellness and safety file on completion of the edifice. They must besides guarantee:

Interior designers, contractors and other squad members are adequately resourced and appointed early plenty for the work they have to make.

They allow sufficient clip for each phase of the undertaking, from construct onwards.

They co-operate with others concerned in the undertaking so that other responsibility holders can follow with their responsibilities under the ordinances.

They co-ordinate their ain work with others involved with the undertaking in order to guarantee the safety of those transporting out the building work, and others who may be affected by it.

There are sensible direction agreements in topographic point throughout the undertaking to guarantee that the building work can be carried out.

Contractors have made agreements for suited public assistance installations to be provided from the start of the undertaking, and throughout the building stage.

Any fixed workplaces ( e.g. offices, stores, mills, schools ) which are to be constructed will follow, in regard of their design and the stuffs used, with any demands of the Workplace ( Health Safety and Welfare ) Regulations 1992.

Relevant information probably to be needed by interior decorators, contractors or others to be after and pull off their work is passed to them in a timely mode in order that they can follow with ordinances.

Appoint a Principal Contractor to be after and pull off the building work sooner early plenty for them to work with the interior decorator on issues associating to construct ability, serviceability and maintainability.

Ensure that the building stage does non get down until the Principal Contractor has prepared a suited wellness and safety program and made agreements for suited public assistance installations to be present from the start of the work.

However Clients merely have responsibilities when the undertaking is associated with a concern or other project. Domestic clients are a particular instance and do non hold responsibilities under the CDM Regulations 2007.

Contractor

Under the contractors responsibilities sing wellness and safety are as follows ; he or she must guarantee the cooperation of all contractors on site, guarantee the regulations set out within the wellness and safety program are passed and right and most significantly prepare the wellness and safety file. Other responsibilities you may see the contactor making is doing certain everyone on site has permission to be at that place and guaranting changeless contact with the wellness and safety executive on any affairs sing the topic. Another chief issue is guaranting the wellness and safety policy passes review enabling work to get down.

Local Authority

From the Local authoritiess aspect they have general responsibilities such as main roads and route safety to take into history anything fundamentally from communal edifice such as council edifices such as station offices cathedrals castle for illustration. However if none of these occur and it ‘s a private edifice such as a mill or private place so they have limited powers but they do have the right to see the site on the evidences of noise, nuisance or environmental issues, if any ailments are made by local occupants or the work force it self.

Health and Safety Executive

He or she is at that place as an “ superintendent ” at that place to supply three simple things, these are:

Advice- aid with affairs sing wellness and safety, how to better methods in topographic point and in cooperate new methods to the building. Inspect- cheque safety certifications, methods in topographic point, the hazard of hurt etc.

Enforce- if things are n’t up to rub, depending on the earnestness of the peculiar site so describe them or take drastic action which may halt work wholly until things are approved.

CDM Co-ordinator

CDM Co-ordinators have similar functions to the contractor nevertheless they consider wellness and safety issues from the design side of things. There responsibilities include reaching the HSE of the proposed undertaking, they must guarantee cooperation between interior decorators guaranting they comply with their responsibilities. There responsibilities include doing the client cognizant, hazards within the design construct and guarantee equal information on the hazards, cooperate with the planning supervisor and any 3rd party interior decorators. They are besides obliged to bring forth a pre stamp wellness and safety program is prepared and besides look into a wellness and safety program is prepared. These duties are good pattern and achieved with regular meeting with all those involved.

Laurence Sterne is a author of the 18th century frequently credited with assisting to convey into being the impression of clip. David Pierce and Peter Jan de Voogd consider that Sterne made clip his cardinal subject. They characterize Sterne as “ an eighteenth-century Proust ” who attempted to exceed clip and mortality ( Pierce and Voogd 43 ) . The publications of Laurence Sterne ‘s The Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman had and still hold a dominant consequence on literature. Pierce and Voogd are inclined to believe that “ Of the three of great modern European novelists who made clip their cardinal subject, Joyce and Mann are known to hold had direct resort to Sterne ” ( Pierce and Voogd 43 ) . Like his modern-day authors, Sterne debated publically upon the boundary between literature and doctrine, that ‘s why his book is filled with allusions and mentions to philosophers, critics and authors of the 17th and 18th centuries viz. : Pope, Locke, and Swift. It seems that those taking minds influenced Sterne ‘s The Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman[ 2 ]vastly.

Sterne ‘s fresh Tristram Shandy “ incites critical confusion ” ( Williams 24 ) . The book differs drastically from the modern-day literature of both Defoe and Richardson by his methods of narrative building and geographic expedition of the external universe. Tristram Shandy is presented in the really act of creative activity and alteration by rejecting pragmatism, which means a inclination to confront facts and be practical instead than inventive or airy and picturing people and things as they truly appear to be, without idealizing.A As a figure of critics, such as Hillis Miller, Ron Jenkins, Robert Alter et Al, have noted “ On the surface of it, the novel appears to be obviously nonlinear, knotted, disorderly, convoluted, and fragmented, about to the point of decomposition ” ( qtd. in Williams 24 ) . In add-on, what sets Tristram Shandy apart from its modern-day fiction is the usage of linguistic communication. Gysin seems to acknowledge the fact that “ aˆ¦Sterne distrusts linguistic communication as a agency of communicating while being at the same clip fascinated by its charming powers ” ( Gysin 151 ) . In his bend, Everett Zimmerman in his chapter 5 of The Boundaries of Fiction, makes an of import observation about the manner in which Tristram is composing and comes to a decision that “ Tristram ‘s the really authorship is a metaphor for mortality ” ( Zimmerman 200 ) . Furthermore, the book ‘s really bodily position is allied with the grave.

Without any claim to be the concluding word on the subject I would wish to analyze Tristram Shandy in the hope of happening constructs of mortality that Sterne has indicated in his literary work. I will so try to larn how the thought of mortality is worked out. I will represent this by using an in-depth analysis of the Sterne ‘s novel. The decision will incorporate cognition gained from Sterne ‘s work and associate it to personal experiences and ideas.

I suppose that in this work of fiction Laurence Sterne has given us a comparatively clear image of decease and mortality. If we look at the possible definition and significances of the word mortality we can happen that OED every bit good as Webster ‘s define this word as foremost “ the status of being mortal ; esp. , the nature of a human being, as holding finally to decease ” , secondly, “ decease on a big graduated table, as from disease or war ” , thirdly, “ human existences jointly ” and eventually, “ Obsolete decease ” . Harmonizing to Zimmerman, mortality is a portion of historical and cosmogonic clip. He points to the fact that “ Historical clip lies someplace between clip as we experience it in our day-to-day lives and a cosmogonic clip that is incommensurable with our mortality ” ( Zimmerman 179 ) . We can feel the thought of decease and void through assorted vivid and vehement illustrations introduced in the novel. As events turn out in the class of Tristram ‘s narrative we become cognizant of the deceases of Yorick, Bobby Shandy, in add-on to 1s of Mrs. Shandy and Le Fever and even of Uncle Tobby. The word “ decease ” appears 67 times in the novel and “ mortal and mortality ” are repeated 25 and three times consequently.

As we read the novel, we come across the grounds that the character of writer is seeking urgently to compose his autobiography. It takes Tristram Shandy one twelvemonth to enter the events of a individual twenty-four hours of his life. Tristram laments that, at this rate, he will ne’er complete.

I am this month one whole twelvemonth older than I was this clip twelve-month ; and holding got, as you perceive, about into the center of the 4th volume-and no farther than to my first twenty-four hours ‘s day-’tis demonstrative that I have three hundred and 64 more yearss to compose merely now, than when I foremost set out ; so that alternatively of progressing, as a common author, in my work with what I have been making at it-on the contrary, I am merely thrown so many volumes back-was every twenty-four hours of my life to be every bit busy as this-And why non? -and the minutess and sentiments of it to take up every bit much description-And for what ground should they be cut short? at this rate I should merely populate 364 times faster than I should write-It must follow, an ‘ please your worships, that the more I write, the more I shall hold to write-and accordingly, the more your worships read, the more your worships will hold to read. ( 2. 48 )[ 3 ]

From the illustration above we can reason that while composing his autobiographical narrative, Tristram is deficient clip. In this entreaty we can smell a despairing effort to “ portray single experience dependably and in its entirety ” ( Ross XXI ) . The absurd computation and count of the yearss lived by Tristram helps us to do sense of the immense spread between his composing advancement and dimensions of clip and infinite. He seems to try to fly from decease and crush it by get the better ofing the limitations and boundaries of clip. On the one manus, it seems that the supporter slightly disconnects himself from those boundaries as a agency of covering with decease. On the other manus, merely when we understand that we have a limited clip on Earth that we move into the kingdom of action and get down populating each twenty-four hours to the fullest as we do n’t cognize when our clip is over. It ‘s noticeable that although the supporter promises to go on with his authorship of the novel every bit long as he lives, his life may stop up at any minute. In Tristram ‘s instance it leads to a paradox. We can reason that Tristram is seeking to populate each and every twenty-four hours to the fullest, as if it were the lone 1 he had and at the same clip he is non traveling to capitulate easy trailing off the really idea of his mortality to the infinite point. That ‘s why Tristram, so Ross argues, “ purposes in his book at entire inclusivity ” ( Ross XVIII ) .

The 20th century philosopher Bertrand Russell claimed that if Tristram Shandy were immortal he would be able to complete his autobiography. Russell asserts that Tristram would be able to finish this apparently impossible undertaking ( Russell 358 ) . But in order to make that Tristram needs an infinite figure of yearss to complete his autobiography. Thus, given he were immortal, he would hold an infinite figure of yearss in which to compose. Unfortunately, here we can step in, inquiring if Tristram does hold that figure of infinite yearss or is he truly immortal. I think Tristram clearly understands that he is non immortal. That is why he is urgently seeking to compose his autobiography. Tristram argues that he has “ 40 volumes to compose, and 40 1000 things to state and make, which no organic structure in the universe will state and make for me, except thyself ” ( 7.1 ) . The autobiography of his purposes at turn outing that after decease he would n’t discontinue wholly. Hence bearing in head the old points of position Tristram ‘s decease seems to be instead elusive, because his life goes on as he writes about his life and sentiments. Tristram ‘s narrative appears to be a psychological defence against his mortality. It might be said that to fear decease is to fear life itself, that is why Tristram neither frightened or frustrated nor does he experience impressed by it. And when “ Death himself knocked at my door – ye bad him come once more ; and in so gay a tone of careless indifference, did ye make it, that he doubted his committee ” ( 7.1 ) , so he flees it by galloping

without looking one time behind me to the Bankss of the Garonne ; and if I hear him clacking at my heels — I ‘ll scurry off to mount Vesuvius — from thence to Joppa, and from Joppa to the universe ‘s terminal, where, if he follows me, I pray God he may interrupt his cervix — ( 7.1 ) .

Fluchere pays our attending to Sterne ‘s modern intervention of clip, demoing it through different consciousness of clip manners. Whilst it is by and large agreed that in the 18th century the conventional clip was expressed in a additive and instead simple manner where the writers related present clip to the obvious yesteryear or field hereafter through the drama of memory and imaginativeness of the characters, “ Sterne took pleasance in destructing the normal order of things and in making an overdone visual aspect of disorderaˆ¦ ” ( D.W. Jefferson 235 ) . In add-on Siebenschuh claims that “ The unlogical emanation of episodes, the irrational, routinely self-defeating escapades of the Shandy ‘s expand and cumulatively reenforce that vision ” ( Siebenschuh 76 ) . Clear enough that clip is an ageless and ageless motion of infinite. And we can state that every motion has its ain way. Therefore, we can propose that clip has a way every bit good. This way leads every existed component and object in the existence to its concluding finish which is called decease. Assuming that all things exist within the clip boundaries, so they must all make their terminal, the concluding point of which is decease. Death is the most certain thing in the universe and every one is exposed to it sooner or later. The supporter seems to be denying the demands of clip.

My farther rapid and casual analysis has proved the rightness of my decisions about decease. While reading the novel we become progressively cognizant of the assorted illustrations and representations of darkness, in add-on to fear of decease and void. From the really first volume we are confronted to the decease. Tristram is attached to it get downing from the decease of hapless Yorick. It is a celebrated minute in Laurence Sterne ‘s 18th century novel. When Yorick dies we are presented with an entirely black page from both sides. This uneven literary device gives us the feeling of fright and darkness. We may state that we are keeping a piece of darkness. Zimmerman presents a utile construct that the black page exemplifies “ the incomprehension originating from the absolute incommensurability of decease ” ( Zimmerman 201 ) . He so, points out that black and marbled pages “ claim the profusion of emblem, aˆ¦expressing the dead terminal of narrative instead than an flight from it. The enigma they reveal aˆ¦ is pandemonium and dark ” ( Zimmerman 201 ) .

There is another possibility, viz. , that the black page represents nothingness and mortality, therefore conveying the beliefs of the character of writer about decease. It depicts emotionally crystalline representations of agony, mourning and philosophical beliefs of the 18th century. The black page provides the imprints of the Renaissance period when the Black Death influenced deeply on the geographic expedition of the nature of mortality every bit good as reminded to populate a life worth of godly judgement. Stewart in his Death sentences: manners of deceasing in British fiction argues that:

After borrowing from Shakespeare to keen the decease of Parson Yorick two ill-famed pages aˆ¦ are made to have on tongueless black in their heartache, either so as to visualize the smothering crepe of an indefinable bereavement or to scratch a parodic denseness of look of the kind that ulterior gurgles from the lips of Mr. Shandy. ( Stewart 26 )

Stewart so suggests that black pages are representatives of “ superflux of vocalization ” , which may supply a “ overplus of scribbled plaint ” ( Stewart 26 ) . That is to state “ intending becomes full but indecipherable ” ( Stewart 26 ) .

With respect to the image of the black page it could be said that it is immobile and emphasizes composure every bit good as emptiness. We might state that the storyteller is at a sudden loss for words. It is instead noticeable that Tristram is seeking to show his heartache for hapless Yorick with silence and a dark page. This page becomes tangible and material due to its comprehensiveness and thickness. In this instance it is inexorable and about sinister. Besides, the black page with which Tristram introduces the Yorick ‘s decease in the book can be seen as a opposite number of a gravestone. It is clear from the undermentioned commendation “ He lies buried in the corner of his church-yard, in the parish of. . . , under a field marble slab, which his friend Eugenius, by leave of his executors, laid upon his graveaˆ¦ ” ( 1.12 ) . Tristram seems to see his ain mortality in showing the black page. This null characterizes everything the supporter opposes: decease. I strongly believe that the black page provides us with the reasoning minute in Yorick ‘s decease. Ultimately Mr. Shandy additions his point to a limited extent: this piece of null represents uncertainness and inability to show his heartache and bereavement in add-on to emptiness and fear of decease. In this instance it is like a black hole for our farther deep ideas. For how long should we remain on that really page contemplating about mortality and eternity, or should we instead think of infinity here? In fact, this fierce illustration is really slippery as this black page draws infinite guesss. Briefly, it can be said that both statements outlined above are consistent every bit good as logically valid due to the instance of the Tristram Shandy.

In decision I assume that a profound analysis of Tristram Shandy in supporting my hypothesis upon the impression of mortality revealed in this literary work has proved my suggestion that the storyteller, Tristram Shandy, emphasizes the basic job in acquiring to clasps with mortality and eternity which has ever been a singular captivation for great philosophers and authors throughout history in its impression of ageless infinite and distance, God and infinity, clip and duration..

The novel ‘s supporter. Winston is a quiet 39-year-old adult male life in Oceania in the twelvemonth 1984. A Party member, Winston works at the Ministry of Truth rectifying “ mistakes ” in past publications. Winston is besides an recreational intellectual who nurses a secret hate of the Party. To protect himself from find, Winston goes through the gestures of outward orthodoxy, but relishes his internal universe of dreams, memories and guess about the yesteryear. Winston is married but separated, and has no kids. Upon run intoing Julia, he finds an mercantile establishment for his dissident sentiments and for the love he yearns to portion with another human being. His physical and mental wellness improves, and Winston starts to believe more strongly in an established covert motion against the Party. Unfortunately, the matter is ephemeral, and the twosome is arrested. Winston is taken to the Ministry of Love and subjected to extended anguish and humiliation, which force him into entry. As a consequence of this experience, Winston loses all rebellious ideas, additions unadulterated love for Big Brother and the Party, and eradicates his love for Julia. In short, Winston loses his humanity. Upon his release, he is a shell of a adult male, yet besides an ideal, loyal, and devoted Party member.

Julia

A 26-year-old Party member who works in the Fiction Department of the Ministry of Truth. Julia besides in secret despises the Party, but accepts its regulation over her and hence externally appears to be zealously devoted to the Party ‘s causes. Julia declares her love for Winston, therefore get downing their matter and puting them down the way towards their eventual imprisonment. Unlike Winston, Julia sees life merely, and is interested merely in her endurance and personal rebellion against the Party – non in long-run programs for the revival of democracy. Julia is arrested along with Winston and tortured in the Ministry of Love. When they meet once more after their several releases, Julia is spiritless, physically broken, and even nurses a obscure disfavor for Winston. Just like Winston, Julia leaves the Ministry of Love as a mere shell of a human being.

O’brien

A outstanding Inner Party member with whom Winston feels a unusual bond. Winston feels that even if O’Brien is an enemy, it would n’t count because he knows O’Brien will understand him without account. O’Brien is a big, graceful, and clearly intelligent adult male who leads Winston to believe he is portion of an belowground motion against the Party, but in fact helps turn Winston in for thoughtcrime and tortures him in the Ministry of Love. O’Brien is full of unusual contradictions. He can be fatherlike – and even tender – even while fanatically showing his devotedness to the Party by tormenting Winston.

Large Brother

The symbol of Oceania and the Party, Big Brother is Oceania ‘s supreme leader, and is ubiquitous through telescreen projections, coins, and even big postings warning, “ BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU. ” Large Brother is theoretically one of the original laminitiss of the Party and the Revolution, but Winston assumes he does non be, will ne’er age, and will ne’er decease. He is the mouthpiece of the Party, and the symbol all Party members worship.

Mrs. Parsons

The married woman of Tom Parsons and neighbour of Winston ‘s. A tired, aged adult female with “ dust in the folds of her face, ” Mrs. Parsons is the female parent of two hideous kids belonging to the Spies and Youth League and who are bound to finally denounce her and her hubby to the Thought Police. At the beginning of the novel, Mrs. Parsons knocks on Winston ‘s door when he is composing in his journal to inquire for his aid unclogging the kitchen sink. Winston obliges.

Tom Parsons

Husband to Mrs. Parsons, and Winston ‘s neighbour and coworker. Tom is a heavy, sweaty, simple adult male whom Winston despises for his unquestioning credence of everything the Party tells him. Parsons is active in his community groups, and appears to truly believe Party claims and philosophy. However, his girl finally denounces him to the Thought Police, claiming he was stating “ Down with Large Brother ” in his slumber. Winston sees Tom while imprisoned in the Ministry of Love, and Tom is ironically proud of his seven-year-old girl for holding done her responsibility.

Tillotson

A coworker of Winston ‘s, Tillotson sits across from him in the Records Department and is highly close about his work.

Ampleforth

A coworker of Winston ‘s, and a poet who works in the Records Department rewriting politically or ideologically obnoxious Oldspeak verse form. By the terminal of the novel, Ampleforth is in prison along with Winston, for, he believes holding left the word “ God ” in one of his verse forms.

Syme

A “ friend ” of Winston ‘s and a philologue working on the Eleventh Edition of the Newspeak Dictionary. Although Winston disfavors Syme, he enjoys holding slightly interesting conversations with him. Winston notices that Syme, although a devoted Party member, is excessively smart and excessively vocal for his ain good. He predicts Syme will be vaporized, and is proven right when he all of a sudden disappears.

Katharine

Winston ‘s married woman, who ne’er appears straight in the book but is discussed at some length. Winston describes her as “ unthinkful ” and claims she was absurdly devoted to the Party, to the point where she referred to kiping with Winston to bring forth offspring as her “ responsibility to the Party. ” The two ne’er had kids, and finally separated. In a conversation with Julia, Winston reveals he was one time tempted to slay Katharine when they were separated from others on a nature walk. However, he did non, and he assumes Katharine still lives, although he has non seen her in old ages.

Mr. Charrington

The proprietor of the old-timer store where Winston foremost buys his diary, pen, and subsequently on a glass paperweight. Winston rents the room above the store from Mr. Charrington for his love matter with Julia. Mr. Charrington appears to be a sort old adult male interested in history and the past, but subsequently reveals himself to be a member of the Thought Police. Mr. Charrington leads Winston and Julia into his trap, and observes their action from the hidden telescreen in the room above the store. As he is being arrested, Winston notices that Mr. Charrington looks wholly different, and has clearly been working under camouflage for rather some clip.

Martin

O’Brien ‘s retainer, Martin is a little, black-haired adult male who Winston believes might be Chinese. He leads Winston and Julia into O’Brien ‘s flat and sits in on their meeting, but does non talk.

Companion Witherss

A former prominent Inner Party member who received the Order of Conspicuous Merit, Second Class. The topic of a “ rectification ” Winston must do at the Ministry of Truth after Withers is vaporized.

Comrade Ogilvy

A adult male Winston invents to replace Comrade Withers when “ correcting ” the intelligence narrative environing the awards Withers, an nonperson, received from the Party.

Jones, Aaronson and Rutherford

Three Inner Party members wrongly arrested in 1965 and forced to imply themselves of assorted offenses, including lese majesty and slaying. They are finally killed. Winston finds a niping turn outing their artlessness and destroys the papers, but ne’er forgets keeping the cogent evidence that Party “ fact ” was fiction.

Wilsher

A coworker of Winston ‘s who delays his first conversation with Julia by ask foring Winston to sit with him in the canteen.

Prole Washer Woman

A big, brawny, compact prole adult female who is invariably hanging wash and vocalizing below the window in Mr. Charrington ‘s flat.

Starving Man

A adult male briefly placed in Winston ‘s keeping cell who is clearly being starved to decease. When told to travel to Board 101 he tells them to take the adult male who offered him nutrient ( Bumstead ) alternatively – anything but 101.

Bumstead

A captive in the Ministry of Love who offers the starvation adult male a piece of old staff of life. He is instantly punished with a violent onslaught that breaks his jaw and causes heavy hemorrhage.

Subjects, Motifs & A ; Symbols

Subjects

Subjects are the cardinal and frequently cosmopolitan thoughts explored in a literary work.

The Dangers of Totalitarianism

1984 is a political novel written with the intent of warning readers in the West of the dangers of totalitarian authorities. Having witnessed firsthand the hideous lengths to which totalitarian authoritiess in Spain and Russia would travel in order to prolong and increase their power, Orwell designed 1984 to sound the dismay in Western states still unsure about how to near the rise of communism. In 1949, the Cold War had non yet escalated, many American intellectuals supported communism, and the province of diplomatic negotiations between democratic and communist states was extremely equivocal. In the American imperativeness, the Soviet Union was frequently portrayed as a great moral experiment. Orwell, nevertheless, was profoundly disturbed by the widespread inhuman treatments and subjugations he observed in communist states, and seems to hold been peculiarly concerned by the function of engineering in enabling oppressive authoritiess to supervise and command their citizens.

In 1984, Orwell portrays the perfect totalitarian society, the most utmost realisation imaginable of a contemporary authorities with absolute power. The rubric of the novel was meant to bespeak to its readers in 1949 that the narrative represented a existent possibility for the close hereafter: if dictatorship were non opposed, the rubric suggested, some fluctuation of the universe described in the novel could go a world in lone 35 old ages. Orwell portrays a province in which authorities proctors and controls every facet of human life to the extent that even holding a unpatriotic idea is against the jurisprudence. As the novel progresses, the shyly rebellious Winston Smith sets out to dispute the bounds of the Party ‘s power, merely to detect that its ability to command and enslave its topics shadow even his most paranoid constructs of its range. As the reader comes to understand through Winston ‘s eyes, The Party uses a figure of techniques to command its citizens, each of which is an of import subject of its ain in the novel. These include:

Psychological Manipulation

The Party barrages its topics with psychological stimulations designed to overpower the head ‘s capacity for independent idea. The elephantine telescreen in every citizen ‘s room blasts a changeless watercourse of propaganda designed to do the failures and defects of the Party appear to be exultant successes. The telescreens besides monitor behavior-everywhere they go, citizens are continuously reminded, particularly by agencies of the ubiquitous marks reading “ BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, ” that the governments are size uping them. The Party undermines household construction by investing kids into an organisation called the Junior Spies, which brainwashes and encourages them to descry on their parents and describe any case of disloyalty to the Party. The Party besides forces persons to stamp down their sexual desires, handling sex as simply a generative responsibility whose terminal is the creative activity of new Party members. The Party so channels people ‘s repressed defeat and emotion into intense, fierce shows of hatred against the Party ‘s political enemies. Many of these enemies have been invented by the Party expressly for this intent.

Physical Control

In add-on to pull stringsing their heads, the Party besides controls the organic structures of its topics. The Party invariably watches for any mark of disloyalty, to the point that, as Winston observes, even a bantam facial vellication could take to an apprehension. A individual ‘s ain nervous system becomes his greatest enemy. The Party forces its members to undergo mass forenoon exercisings called the Physical Jerks, and so to work long, grueling yearss at authorities bureaus, maintaining people in a general province of exhaustion. Anyone who does pull off to withstand the Party is punished and “ reeducated ” through systematic and barbarous anguish. After being subjected to hebdomads of this intense intervention, Winston himself comes to the decision that nil is more powerful than physical pain-no emotional trueness or moral strong belief can get the better of it. By conditioning the heads of their victims with physical anguish, the Party is able to command world, converting its topics that 2 + 2 = 5.

Control of Information and History

The Party controls every beginning of information, managing and rewriting the content of all newspapers and histories for its ain terminals. The Party does non let persons to maintain records of their yesteryear, such as exposure or paperss. As a consequence, memories become fuzzed and undependable, and citizens become absolutely willing to believe whatever the Party tells them. By commanding the present, the Party is able to pull strings the yesteryear. And in commanding the yesteryear, the Party can warrant all of its actions in the present.

Technology

By agencies of telescreens and concealed mikes across the metropolis, the Party is able to supervise its members about all of the clip. Additionally, the Party employs complicated mechanisms ( 1984 was written in the epoch before computing machines ) to exercise large-scale control on economic production and beginnings of information, and awful machinery to bring down anguish upon those it deems enemies. 1984 reveals that engineering, which is by and large perceived as working toward moral good, can besides ease the most devilish immorality.

Language as Mind Control

One of Orwell ‘s most of import messages in 1984 is that linguistic communication is of cardinal importance to human idea because it structures and limits the thoughts that persons are capable of explicating and showing. If control of linguistic communication were centralized in a political bureau, Orwell proposes, such an bureau could perchance change the really construction of linguistic communication to do it impossible to even gestate of disobedient or rebellious ideas, because there would be no words with which to believe them. This thought manifests itself in the linguistic communication of Newspeak, which the Party has introduced to replace English. The Party is invariably polishing and honing Newspeak, with the ultimate end that no 1 will be capable of gestating anything that might oppugn the Party ‘s absolute power.

Interestingly, many of Orwell ‘s thoughts approximately linguistic communication as a commanding force have been modified by authors and critics seeking to cover with the bequest of colonialism. During colonial times, foreign powers took political and military control of distant parts and, as a portion of their business, instituted their ain linguistic communication as the linguistic communication of authorities and concern. Postcolonial authors frequently analyze or redress the harm done to local populations by the loss of linguistic communication and the attendant loss of civilization and historical connexion.

Motifs

Motifs are repeating constructions, contrasts, and literary devices that can assist to develop and inform the text ‘s major subjects.

Doublethink

The thought of “ doublethink ” emerges as an of import effect of the Party ‘s monolithic run of large-scale psychological use. Simply put, doublethink is the ability to keep two contradictory thoughts in one ‘s head at the same clip. As the Party ‘s mind-control techniques break down an person ‘s capacity for independent idea, it becomes possible for that person to believe anything that the Party tells them, even while possessing information that runs counter to what they are being told. At the Hate Week rally, for case, the Party shifts its diplomatic commitment, so the state it has been at war with all of a sudden becomes its ally, and its former ally becomes its new enemy. When the Party talker all of a sudden changes the state he refers to as an enemy in the center of his address, the crowd accepts his words instantly, and is ashamed to happen that it has made the incorrect marks for the event. In the same manner, people are able to accept the Party ministries ‘ names, though they contradict their maps: the Ministry of Plenty oversees economic deficits, the Ministry of Peace rewards war, the Ministry of Truth behaviors propaganda and historical revisionism, and the Ministry of Love is the centre of the Party ‘s operations of anguish and penalty.

Urban Decay

Urban decay proves a permeant motive in 1984. The London that Winston Smith calls place is a bedraggled, rundown metropolis in which edifices are crumpling, comfortss such as lifts ne’er work, and necessities such as electricity and plumbing are highly undependable. Though Orwell ne’er discusses the subject openly, it is clear that the cheapjack decomposition of London, merely like the widespread hungriness and poorness of its dwellers, is due to the Party ‘s misdirection and incompetency. One of the subjects of 1984, inspired by the history of twentieth-century communism, is that totalitarian governments are brutally effectual at heightening their ain power and miserably incompetent at supplying for their citizens. The begrimed urban decay in London is an of import ocular reminder of this thought, and offers insight into the Party ‘s precedences through its contrast to the huge engineering the Party develops to descry on its citizens.

Symbols

Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colourss used to stand for abstract thoughts or constructs.

Large Brother

Throughout London, Winston sees postings demoing a adult male staring down over the words “ BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU ” everyplace he goes. Big Brother is the face of the Party. The citizens are told that he is the leader of the state and the caput of the Party, but Winston can ne’er find whether or non he really exists. In any instance, the face of Big Brother symbolizes the Party in its public manifestation ; he is a reassurance to most people ( the heat of his name suggests his ability to protect ) , but he is besides an unfastened menace ( one can non get away his regard ) . Large Brother besides symbolizes the vagueness with which the higher ranks of the Party present themselves-it is impossible to cognize who truly regulations Oceania, what life is like for the swayers, or why they act as they do. Winston thinks he remembers that Big Brother emerged around 1960, but the Party ‘s official records day of the month Big Brother ‘s being back to 1930, before Winston was even born.

The Glass Paperweight and St. Clement ‘s Church

By intentionally weakening people ‘s memories and deluging their heads with propaganda, the Party is able to replace persons ‘ memories with its ain version of the truth. It becomes about impossible for people to oppugn the Party ‘s power in the present when they accept what the Party tells them about the past-that the Party arose to protect them from bloated, oppressive capitalists, and that the universe was far ugly and harsher before the Party came to power. Winston mistily understands this rule. He struggles to retrieve his ain memories and explicate a larger image of what has happened to the universe. Winston buys a paperweight in an old-timer shop in the prole territory that comes to typify his effort to reconnect with the yesteryear. Symbolically, when the Thought Police arrest Winston at last, the paperweight shatters on the floor.

The old image of St. Clement ‘s Church in the room that Winston rents above Mr. Charrington ‘s store is another representation of the lost yesteryear. Winston associates a vocal with the image that ends with the words “ Here comes the chopper to chop off your caput! ” This is an of import foreshadow, as it is the telescreen hidden behind the image that finally leads the Thought Police to Winston, typifying the Party ‘s corrupt control of the yesteryear.

The Place Where There Is No Dark

Throughout the fresh Winston imagines run intoing O’Brien in “ the topographic point where there is no darkness. ” The words foremost come to him in a dream, and he ponders them for the remainder of the novel. Finally, Winston does run into O’Brien in the topographic point where there is no darkness ; alternatively of being the Eden Winston imagined, it is simply a prison cell in which the visible radiation is ne’er turned off. The thought of “ the topographic point where there is no darkness ” symbolizes Winston ‘s attack to the hereafter: perchance because of his intense fatalism ( he believes that he is doomed no affair what he does ) , he foolishly allows himself to swear O’Brien, even though inside he senses that O’Brien might be a Party secret agent.

The Telescreens

The omnipresent telescreens are the book ‘s most seeable symbol of the Party ‘s changeless monitoring of its topics. In their double capableness to blast changeless propaganda and observe citizens, the telescreens besides typify how totalitarian authorities maltreatments engineering for its ain terminals alternatively of working its cognition to better civilisation.

The Red-Armed Prole Woman

The red-armed worker adult female whom Winston hears singing through the window represents Winston ‘s one legitimate hope for the long-run hereafter: the possibility that the workers will finally come to acknowledge their predicament and Rebel against the Party. Winston sees the worker adult female as a premier illustration of generative virility ; he frequently imagines her giving birth to the hereafter coevalss that will eventually dispute the Party ‘s authorization.

Presents, societal networking services become of import services in our day-to-day lives. Social networking services allows user save cost when communicating with each other geographically, let user to portion cognition, and so on. One of the popular societal webs services is Facebook.

Harmonizing to statistic that has been done by January of 2011, there are 600,000,000 people have become Facebook active users. Facebook web site started in February 2004, we can see their web site at www.facebook.com which owned by Facebook, Inc and operated in private.

Mark Zurkerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes are laminitis of Facebook. In the beginning, facebook merely available to Harvard ‘s pupils, nevertheless it was expanded to other colleges in the Boston country, the Ivy League, and Stanford University. Now, it is available for all people who are aged 13 and above with valid electronic mail reference.

Facebook provide some map such as allow users to make their ain profile, update their personal position, upload and portion their image or picture, portion note, petition to add others facebook users as their friends and communicating with friends and others through send private message, on-line blink of an eye confab or publish, let user to make and fall in involvement group and publicize their merchandises, drama games and application that provided by facebook. Besides that, Facebook besides allowed developers to hold opportunity to developed facebook application and print it.

Facebook non merely utilizing IPv4, it besides can back up IPv6, this characteristic let this societal webs services can be usage for future engineering. Particular URL for IPv6 is http: //www.v6.facebook.com. Traffic of the Facebook are increasing after 2009, its become the celebrated and top societal web in Asia that is in Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore and New Zealand.

Although Facebook is celebrated and supply many utile maps, nevertheless, it has been banned in several states, for case: Iran, People ‘s Republic of China, Uzbekistan, Pakistan Syria, Vietnam and Bangladesh. The grounds of barricading Facebook are contains anti-Islamic contents and besides contain spiritual decriminations.

The others societal networking website that we choose to compare with Facebook are Friendster ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.friendster.com/ ) , Twitter ( hypertext transfer protocol: //twitter.com/ ) and Renren ( hypertext transfer protocol: //renren.com/ ) .

Interface

The chief page for the 4 societal web web sites have its similarities that is, each of them have its enrollment signifier to let users to subscribe up an history become the active users and besides allow the active users to login into the system. These 4 societal web have a simple and friendly user interface.

For the Facebook, the user interface is chiefly design with bluish coloring material and white coloring material, it is rather simple and elegant. While for user interface of the Friendster, default is green coloring material and white coloring material nevertheless Frienster a scene that lets user to take the colour of the user interface.

At the chief page of Twitter web site, we can see the different of the user interface between the others 3 societal webs is that, the chief page for Twitters display the top tweets that station by people. Tweet is the text-based message that station by the users to portion their messages with others people. Tweet is publically seeable to people at default.

The user interface for Renren societal web is similar with Facebook. Which is besides built up with bluish and white coloring material when we registered as the member of Renren societal web web site but the users of Renren allow to take and changes the user interface of Renren once they achieve to certain degree in Renren.

Privacy and Security

In term of security, Renren will demo the user whether the history security position is unafraid or insecure and rede user to better their history security. However, Facebook will supply security information for first clip user merely. For Twitter, it will expose intimation beside the watchword country to demo the secure watchword format when user foremost register history or when user intends to alterations account watchword. Besides that, we besides take a expression at watchword policy for this 4 societal web services, for Renren, lower limit watchword length is 8 characters, and minimal watchword length for Facebook, Friendster, Twitter are 6 characters.

For users who forgot their watchword, Facebook and Renren will direct confirmation codification to their electronic mail or SMS ( for mobile user ) . However, twitter.com merely provides reset watchword direction by electronic mail. And friendster.com will direct the original watchword to the electronic mail and it is quite incure for user. For reset watchword policy, Facebook and Renren non let user to put the same watchword as old watchword other than the twitter.com and friendster.com

Facebook and Renren will follow and hive away the IP reference for every login session but Twitter and Friendster without this. Besides that, for Facebook, when user mark in the history from different computing machine and different location ( different province or state ) , you will necessitate to supply answer for security inquiry in order to login to the history.

In term of privateness, Facebook and Renren allow user to put their privateness scene ( search handiness, control shared information, block unwanted individual, permission for site application that develop by 3rd party ) to avoid their information to be available to unwanted individual. In the other manus, twitter.com merely let user to command search handiness and shared information.

In Facebook will inquire for user permission before facebook application entree their information. But Renren and Friendster does non inquire for user permission. And Twitter non supports extra application.

Feature

For Friendster, compared to Facebook, the characteristic of the Friendster had its ain similarities and differences. Both societal web services lets users upload the exposure and picture, portion remark, send messages, position friend updates, created groups and treatments, invite friends play games. Friendster offer their active users create their ain web log in Friendster which means friendster has its ain blog-builder compared to Facebook, Facebook merely allows users portion or post the nexus to their external web log in their profile.

For chirrup, the chiefly characteristic that provided by chirrup are is micro-blogging services which allows users to compose about 140 characters messages call as Tweets which is openly seeable at default. Compared to Facebook, Facebook can portion their position more that 140 and more character. The Twitter users can take restricts their message merely to their follower merely. Chirrup can merely upload one image, compared to the Facebook, its can upload as many image that you want.

Since China had been blocked Facebook, so the China has been developed “ The Fcebook of China ” that is Renren.com. Renren besides provided the general societal web map such as manage user profile, add contact information, favourite music/video, and besides add the articulation nine. The registry users can add friend into their friend list which is besides similar to Facebook. Renren have 15 five degree users, the users need to acquire the arrow to acquire into the higher degree such as logging into system every twenty-four hours to acquire the point. Each degree has its ain benefit.

Language

Facebook provided 79 linguistic communications to active users around the universe. The Language includes

For Friendster its has 11 linguistic communications which are Nipponese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, Spanish, Malay, English, Thai, Tagalog, and Vietnamese. From here, we can state that Friendster is celebrated in Asia.

For Twitter, it has 7 linguistic communications which are English, Korean, Italian, French, Spanish Nipponese and German.

Renren societal web merely provided 1 linguistic communication that is Chinese. So, people who do non cognize Chinese can non utilize this societal web application.

Registration

Of class, when we want to utilize the societal web, first measure we need is sign up an history for the societal web that we are involvement in. The Facebook, Friendster, Twitter, and Renren, all these societal web need to subscribe up first before users can utilize it and acquire the benefit from it.

But there are the footings or the conditions when users want to subscribe up go the registered users. Facebook societal web merely allows users who are at least 13 old ages old and older becomes the registered users, while for Friendster societal web kids are non allow to registered it, its allows users who are at least 16 old ages old and older go the registered users. For Twitter and and Renren societal web, it is unfastened to everyone, both societal web do non curtail to age compared to Facebook and Friendster societal web.

Drumhead: Compared with 3 others societal web

Standards

Facebook

Friendster

Renren

Chirrup

Interface

Privacy and Security

Features

Add friends, update personal position, upload and portion picture/ picture, play games and application, instant chatting and messaging

Add friends, update personal position, upload image, web log, drama games, instant chatting and messaging, alteration templet.

Popular used in China to replace facebook ( because China banned facebook )

Features about similar with facebook.

Add followings, Micro-blogging, RSS, updates

Language

79 linguistic communication

11 linguistic communication

1 linguistic communication merely i.e. Chinese

7 linguistic communication

Registration

Open to people 13 and older

Open to people 16 and older. No kids allowed

Open ( no restrict age )

Open ( no restrict age )

Alice Eagly ‘s ( 1987 ) Social Role Theory is linked to Gender Stereotypes. Eagly recognises that work forces and adult females behave otherwise in different societal state of affairss due to society ‘s restraints. For illustration, adult females take on domestic undertakings whilst work forces took on occupational functions.[ 1 ]Shakespeare ‘s dramas have a important accent on stereotypes about maleness and muliebrity and it allows us to understand the assorted functions of work forces and adult females in society during the Renaissance period. The Renaissance period was a patriarchal society where the functions of work forces and adult females were clearly defined and people acted harmonizing to it, merely as the Social Role Theory identifies. By and large, work forces had more power and laterality over adult females. Work force were seen as the breadwinners and the adult females were amahs of the house and in charge of the housekeeping, cookery, cleansing and conveying up their kids. Work force were expected to set about a more physical function such as fall ining the ground forces, going a attorney a reverend etc. Womans were oppressed and those who stepped outside of their functions were seen as interrupting the norm of society and were punished consequently. Some adult females were regarded enchantresss and burned to decease. The most challenging facet of Shakespeare ‘s authorship was his ability to dispute these stereotypes by making turns in his dramas in order to face societies ‘ political orientation on the functions of work forces and adult females. This essay will concentrate on two dramas in peculiar, Macbeth and Measure for Measure, where Shakspere challenges these stereotypes through his characters, therefore doing his dramas capturing.

In Macbeth, we witness the reversal of function and the kineticss of power between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. The Renaissance period considered laterality, authorization and power as masculine traits, yet in Macbeth it is Lady Macbeth who is much more dominant than her hubby and she is the chief beginning of power in their relationship. She takes control and demonstrates this power by invariably teasing Macbeth. She insults him by stating ‘are you a adult male ‘ and invariably emasculates him in order to acquire what she wants, which is for Macbeth to kill Duncan and take his throne. This manner of carrying a adult male through twit and cut downing his self-respect is besides apparent in Othello. Iago workss false thoughts in Brabantio ‘s head stating him that he is losing his power over his girl. He warns him stating that ‘Your bosom is burst, you have lost half your psyche ; Even now, now, really now, an old black random-access memory is tupping your white Ewe. Arise, arise! ‘ ( Oth I. I. 88-90 ) . This shows the importance for a adult male to transport out his responsibilities but besides clarifies that the responsibility of a adult male is to look after his adult female. It shows that work forces will endeavor to maintain their honor and self-respect and transporting out their responsibility is portion of their pride as this is the norm of society.

Shakespeare undermines adult females since they lack physical power ; nevertheless, it does non intend that they lack logic. In ‘Shakespeare and the nature of adult females ‘ ( ) Gabriel Eden identifies two ways in which Macbeth is persuaded by adult females. While Lady Macbeth persuades through cut downing Macbeth as a adult male, the enchantresss work on his image as a male monarch. The latter shows the desire of work forces for achieving power. To promote him into action Lady Macbeth welcomes manhood herself and calls out to be ‘unsexed ‘ . This shows her defeat at Macbeth for non transporting out his function as a adult male. However, this is merely words of the lingua, she can non keep back her nature as a adult female, and the force destroys her. Macduff warned her about this stating ‘o soft lady Ti non for you to hear what I can talk ‘ . However, she wanted to be more than a adult female and as she stepped out of her functions as a adult female, she became less than one. Similarly, Macbeth is ‘unman ‘ since he is seeking excessively difficult to be more than what he is and what he is capable of making. His married woman takes on his functions, doing him the prototype of muliebrity.

Lady Macbeth tells her hubby that merely after killing Duncan will he be ‘more than what you were, you would be so much more than a adult male ‘ . The changeless force per unit area from Lady Macbeth forces Macbeth to kill Duncan. It is merely after the slaying of Duncan where Macbeth claims ‘I am a adult male once more ‘ . Lady Macbeth ‘s hungriness for power is untypical for adult females during the Renaissance period. Eden farther states that adult females were seen inferior physically therefore non able to contend. However, a adult male who refused to contend is weak and cowardly. Romeo scolds himself for non contending Tybalt and says ‘o Sweet Juliet, thy beauty hath made me effeminate ‘ act 3 scene 1. 112.

The enchantresss in Macbeth are supped to be adult females nevertheless, they do non act like one. Banquo says, “ You should be adult females, And yet your face funguss prohibit me to construe.That you are so ” ( I.2.45-47 ) . Their facial hair represent their power in the traffics of the male dominated society.

Although work forces were seen as the defenders of adult females, they were besides seen as their owners. Before a miss married she was in control by her male parent but after matrimony, this was the function of her hubby. Therefore, in Rome and Juliet Capulet says to his girl ‘and you ‘ll be mine, I ‘ll give you to my friend ‘ about as if she is some kind of belongings. Womans were degraded invariably in this manner and Shakespeare challenges these political orientations by leting his characters to face those who domineer them. Juliet objects to her male parent ‘s wish and marries Romeo alternatively, and faces the effects. Similarly, this relationship between male parent and girl is farther emphasised in Othello. Desdemona manages to interrupt through the society ‘s confine of male domination by taking her ain hubby but she farther accentuates my earlier point that after matrimony a adult female is subjected to her hubby. We witness Desdemona ‘s reply to her male parent when he asks who she owes most to and she replies ‘to you I am bound for life and instruction… .I am hitherto your girl. But here is my hubby… my Godhead ‘[ 2 ]

Desdemona ‘s captivation indicates her desire to interrupt the claustrophobic patriarchal confine. Adventure and freedom being male forte, she foremost wishes that ‘heaven has made her such a adult male ‘ ( act 1 scene 3163 ) so she is able to make the same but so subsequently began to love Othello ‘for the dangers I have passed ‘ . ( act 1 scene 3, 167 ) She denies muliebrity and desire to be a adult male so that she can make what work forces can make.[ 3 ]

Shakespeare further illustrates the political orientation that adult females are inferior through his male characters. In Romeo and Juliet Sampson says ‘women being the weaker vass, are of all time thrust to the wall ; therefore I will force Montague ‘s work forces from the wall, and thrust his amahs to the wall. ” This quotation mark portrays that adult females are the weaker of the two sexes, therefore they are merely used for sex and to ‘thrust ‘ to the wall. It besides indicates that it was typical for work forces to speak about adult females this manner. Similarly, In The Taming of The Shrew Kate ‘s concluding address is filled with stereotypes. After she has been ‘tamed ‘ by Petruchio and learns to be obedient she explains that the hubby is ‘thy Godhead, thy life, thy keeper, Thy caput, thy crowned head ; one that cares for thee, And for thy care commits his organic structure To painful labour both by sea and land ‘ . This clearly affirms the thoughts seen in the Social Role Theory whereby, work forces take a more active and occupational function.

The Social Role Theory indicates that the behavior of work forces and adult females is shaped by the stereotypes. In order for work forces and adult females to conform to these stereotypes, they develop certain traits. Work force for illustration learn to be more aggressive, independent, self-asserting and competent. These align to their active functions.[ 4 ]This thought of work forces moving a certain manner to conform to the stereotypes of society is portrayed in Measure for Measure through the character of Angelo. Society mocked the Duke because he was excessively indulgent as a swayer and so when Angelo took power he became rigorous and showed no clemency, as he wants to be depicted as person who is transporting out his responsibility as a leader. He shows that he has the power and that he is independent and he will make whatever he wills because he is able to. He shows no clemency to Claudio. Isabella refers to him as “ Man, proud adult male, Drest in a small brief authorization ” . ( 17-18 ) In other words Angelo is acting the manner he is because of the outlook of a swayer by society. Joespech Pleck ( 1976 ) states that male childs and work forces are pressured to carry through the criterion of maleness.[ 5 ]If Angelo did non transport out his responsibility so he would non be seen as a adult male and would be mocked.

Shakspere shows that work forces thrive on power and they are tyrannizing over adult females. As mentioned earlier Macbeth is persuaded by the enchantresss and willing to kill for the reign of power. His actions are controlled by the selfishness and avidity to achieve the rubric of Thane of Cawdor. Similarly, in Hamlet, Claudius wants to take the function of king organize his brother Hamlet and will travel every bit far as poisoning him in order to achieve it. Shakespeare besides portrays that work forces abuse their powers in order to accomplish what they want. This is apparent in Measure for Measure whereby, Angelo uses his power and gives Isabella an ultimatum. Either she sleeps with him or her brother dies. He knows that he can black mail her and even if Isabella was to talk of it to person else no 1 will believe her. He says ‘Who will believe thee, Isabel? My unsoil ‘d call, the severity of my life, My vouch against you, and my topographic point I ‘ the province, Will so your accusal overweigh ‘ . In other words he is in power he is the 1 society will believe and he abuses this power to blackjack Isabel.

Similarly, Iago manipulates his married woman in transporting out evil workss. He forces Emilia to take Desdemona ‘s hankie, and being the obedient married woman, she does it whilst wholly nescient of Iago ‘s program. Emilia is strong and defends Desdemona

She has misanthropic position on matrimony and work forces. She tells Desdemona about the mistakes of hubbies. But I do believe it is their hubbies ‘ mistakes

If married womans do autumn: say that they slack their responsibilities

And pour our hoarded wealths into foreign laps ;

Or else interrupt out in cranky green-eyed monsters,

Throwing restraint upon us ; or say they strike us,

Or skimp our former holding in despite ;

Leadership Style at Coca-Cola Company – May 4th, 2011 ________________________________________ The Coca-Cola Company (NYSE: KO) is a beverage retailer, manufacturer and marketer of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups. The company is best known for its flagship product Coca-Cola, invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The Coca-Cola formula and brand was bought in 1889 by Asa Candler who incorporated The Coca-Cola Company in 1892. Besides its namesake Coca-Cola beverage, Coca-Cola currently offers more than 500 brands in over 200 countries or territories and serves 1. billion servings each day. [3] The company operates a franchised distribution system dating from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company only produces syrup concentrate which is then sold to various bottlers throughout the world who hold an exclusive territory. The Coca-Cola Company owns its anchor bottler in North America, Coca-Cola Refreshments. The Coca-Cola Company is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock is listed on the NYSE and is part of DJIA, S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. Its current chairman and CEO is Muhtar Kent.

In the past year, I’ve had the honor of speaking on a number of university campuses around the world — from the London Business School to IMD to MIT. I always walk away from these experiences energized and inspired by the fresh thinking… the rigorous debate… and the entrepreneurial spirit I find at our world’s leading business schools. Coming to Wharton, however, is truly special. This, of course, is where collegiate business education began. More importantly, this is where many of the leading ideas are coming from that will shape business leadership and business development in the years ahead.

Believe me… new ideas and new thinking have never been in more demand in the business world. It’s tough out there at the moment — very tough. The global financial crisis has touched everyone in the world, and it will probably get tougher before it gets better. Last week, I met with Chairman Bernanke in Washington and we talked about the need to keep the faith in our global markets. I acknowledged the issues were difficult but I also expressed my optimism about the future and our belief that this was exactly the right time to invest in our future.

We both agreed that the American economy and the world economy could come out of this crisis stronger and better prepared for the future than when we entered into it. I am a firm believer that times like these are not an excuse to sit back and ride out the storm. Rather, this is the time to focus on what matters most to our business, shed what is wasteful and unproductive, and invest in our brands, customer-facing communications and execution. History has shown us, time and again, that world-class organizations and leaders proactively manage turbulence to sow the seeds for future growth and prosperity.

With that said, I’d like to spend some time this afternoon talking about leading in challenging times. My hope is that the world you will inherit upon completion of your MBA will have calmed down quite a bit. Rest assured, though, that whether it’s a financial crisis, or a geopolitical crisis, or an energy crisis, or an environmental crisis — turbulence will be the new norm in the years ahead. And that’s not necessarily a bad thing, either. I believe that for every headwind we confront there’s an equally powerful tailwind to be ridden.

The trick is finding it. We are living in a world of great paradox. A world of seemingly insurmountable challenges… but also one of breathtaking opportunities. Your leadership will help shape and define that world. I want to get this leadership discussion started by sharing with you some defining moments in my career and how they shaped my own personal leadership style. Then I’d like to share a few thoughts on how I am putting those principles into practice as we lead The Coca-Cola Company and system through these times of great paradox.

Mostly, though, I’m looking forward to hearing what’s on your mind, and my hope is that we can have a great conversation today as well. So, let me start with my career journey and some of the key lessons I learned along the way. When I first went to work for The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta 30 years ago, America and the world were in a situation surprisingly similar to today. Fuel prices were spiking. A recession was draining our confidence. Across America there was widespread fear that we were losing our global political and economic leadership around world.

Many people feared that a surging Japan would cripple American industry, jobs and the U. S. economy. Even greater numbers of people were worried about their jobs being replaced by technology. But the system didn’t collapse. In fact, America got stronger… much stronger… and that’s because this great nation did what it has always done best — America innovated and reinvented itself. By the time I was 29, the early ’80s economic boom was beginning to heat up both here in America and around the world. I was appointed to lead our first Pan European Customer Relationship function.

A few years later, I was appointed director of International Accounts for Europe. Both of these roles taught me the importance of relationship-building and leading not by hierarchal control but by influencing and collaborating. Four years later, I was named president of our small and troubled operations in Turkey — that was back in 1985. Our business in Turkey at the time had $55 million dollars in revenue. Today it’s among the most successful operations in our system. Being president at the age of 32 in a crisis situation taught me a lot about compassion… listening… mpathy… and building trust — while leading with confidence. A few years later, as the Berlin Wall was falling, I went on to lead our operations in East Central Europe. These were dynamic times — half a billion people from the Baltic to the Balkans lived behind an Iron Curtain for half a century. Our business had no relevance in this geography at the time. There was no infrastructure and no real currency. We did business through counter-trade. We ramped up quickly and built Western-style production and distribution facilities in record time. In fact, we built 24 factories across 11 countries in 28 months.

Today, we are the undisputed market leaders in these geographies and they are among the most innovative markets in our system. Key lessons here for me were prioritization … acting with urgency… … focusing on execution … and keeping your eye on the prize. In 1998, I became CEO of Efes Beverage Group, a small Turkish beer company that had just invested in the Coca-Cola bottling system. At the time, we were a local business, with less than $300 million in revenue. Our vision was to establish “Beverage Leadership from the Adriatic to China. ” By 2005, Efes had expanded to eight countries, was the No. beer company in Europe, and was among the top 10 bottlers in the Coca-Cola system. Revenues had grown to nearly $3 billion, we were listed on both the Istanbul and New York stock exchanges, and we had indeed become the largest beverage company from the Adriatic to China. The big lessons for me here were… … respect for cash… … governance… … and executing by building emotional networks among people. In May 2005, I came back to work for The Coca-Cola Company, first to run our Asia-Pacific operations in Hong Kong. In 2007, I became president and COO. I assumed the CEO position this past July.

The big lessons of the past two years have been the importance of getting our system aligned and our people believing in winning again. Throughout my 30-year career, I’ve been fortunate to interact with some truly wonderful leaders — leaders from business, government and civil society. Regardless of their background, I’ve noticed one overarching and essential trait found in all leaders — and especially leaders who manage through challenging times. They have the ability to create a clear and compelling vision for their organization, and to inspire their people to achieve that vision.

Let’s face it, vision without execution is merely daydreaming. And execution without vision is like running in the dark — you’re moving but probably not in the right direction. One of my first priorities as CEO has been to guide our entire system toward a system-wide vision for our business… and to develop the capabilities to execute against that vision. It became apparent to me and to my leadership team that the world we inherited at the beginning of 2008 was shaping up to be significantly different than it was even a year ago.

We saw some things happening today and over the near horizon that were going to fundamentally and dramatically reshape the nature of our business over the next decade and beyond. Changes that were going to make the last 10 years seem downright tranquil. Specifically we saw — and continue to see — four massive global trends unfolding that will have great bearing on the world and our system in the years ahead. These are: 1. The rising demand (and cost) for energy. 2. Rising food prices. 3. A growing middle class and… 4. Rapid urbanization.

Collectively — I refer to them as the “New Equilibrium” because they are shifting the balance of the world and will so for next decade and beyond. The current global financial crisis — while painful and pervasive — did not make this list because I believe it will be a distant memory in a few short years. As traumatic as it seems today, it will have little material impact on the much broader global developments already in place. Let me just take a moment to review these four key developments in more detail because they are really the triggers for the strategic renewal process that we are going through right now.

First, the energy situation. Despite recent fluctuations, most energy experts today believe that oil demand and prices will rise significantly over the next decade as consumption continues to surge. This is already fueling one of the largest transfers of wealth in history. The United States will transfer nearly $500 billion dollars to oil producing economies this year alone. This will join the $2 trillion dollars that will be transferred out of the EU, China, Japan and India this year. Of course, oil booms and busts are not exactly uncommon.

What is different today, however, is the surging energy demand we’re seeing from fast-growing economies around the world, adding to the already huge demand from the developed world. The second component of this New Equilibrium is producing some unintended and far-reaching consequences. The surge in production of bio-fuels like ethanol, along with erratic weather, is partly responsible for food shortages and rising prices. So, here we are with both higher energy costs… and higher food costs.

As populations continue to expand and living standards continue to rise across the world, we will have to manage our business in an economy of constant scarcity and cost pressure. This is the new normal. The third major shift we’re seeing is the rapidly growing middle class. Think about this: A billion new people worldwide will enter the middle class by the year 2020. These new middle class consumers will strive for the same things we want out of life — better quality food and better quality beverages. And like their counterparts in the developed world, most of these new middle class consumers will reside in urban areas.

This brings us to the fourth component of this New Equilibrium — the stunning rate of urbanization taking place around the world. Within the next 12 years, China, India and the Southern Hemisphere will be more urban than North America, Europe and Japan. So, clearly, what you have here with these four global shifts are significant challenges and opportunities that impact the sustainability of our industry… our business… and our planet. For our industry, this also means more people… with more wealth… leading highly mobile, on-the-go, urban lifestyles that are conducive to greater demand for ready-to-drink beverages.

It also means increasing cost pressures, environmental pressures, commodity scarcity, NGO pressures, global talent competition and a host of other implications. Amid this backdrop of opportunity and turbulence, we truly believe that there is no better consumer products industry to be in than non-alcoholic ready-to-drink beverages. At Coca-Cola, we think we’ve really just scratched the surface of our potential. Consider this: This year, people around the world will consume 1. 5 billion servings of our products every day… but 50 billion servings of ALL other beverages.

There is an incredible opportunity for growth. Ours is a $650 billion dollar industry that is growing faster than the world’s GDP and faster than all other consumer packaged goods, including cosmetics, alcoholic beverages, and household care. By 2020, the non-alcoholic beverage space will be a trillion dollar industry. That’s a huge opportunity. If our industry were a nation, we would be among the top 18 largest economies in the world today. We know that capturing new opportunities, however, is going to require both vision and execution across our Company and our wonderful system of bottling partners.

And that’s where our vision — which we call Vision 2020 — comes into play. It’s a look at where our Company and our bottling partners need to be heading over the next decade. Our vision is centered on capturing the unprecedented opportunities emerging over the next decade in the global non-alcoholic beverage industry… … as a billion new people enter the middle class… …as expanding youth markets and affluent aging populations seek new beverage experiences and requirements… … and as breakthrough technologies and innovations reinvent consumer marketing and shopper experiences.

In short, our vision is to harness new wealth, new beverage requirements and new innovations to accelerate growth and create the world’s most respected consumer goods system. I’ve been spending a lot of time this year getting my leadership team assembled and aligned in a way so that I am confident we can execute against our vision and strategies. I think it’s Professor Useem here at Wharton who refers to “leadership as a team sport. ” He couldn’t be more right. Getting the right team in place to execute our vision and strategies has been absolutely critical.

Equally important is getting our bottling system leadership and our Company employees aligned behind our vision. About two months ago, we assembled our top global bottlers and Company leadership for a rigorous two days of discussion on our vision. This was the first time we had convened as a system since the Roberto Goizueta era. We spent a lot of time looking at our business and where we wanted to take it, and we also listened to some leading outside thinkers give their perspectives on the future. We heard from Fareed Zakaria, the noted international affairs experts, former U.

S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, the CEO of Goldman Sachs, Lloyd Blankfein (who joined us just days after the start of the global financial meltdown), and Dr. Rajendra Pachauri, the Nobel Prize winning climate-change scientist. Most importantly, we received great input from the leaders of our bottling system about what we need to be doing better to grow as a system. It was a rich discussion and we followed that with another important gathering just two weeks ago when we brought together our employees for a town hall to discuss our vision in Atlanta.

Getting our system leadership and people behind the vision and giving them an opportunity to contribute to the vision will play an essential role in the success of this renewal process. Other extremely important constituencies that we need to communicate vision to are shareowners, retail customers, suppliers, government officials, NGOs and other parties who directly and indirectly influence our ability to grow. There are two critical things a CEO cannot delegate and will have to own. 1. The first is communicating vision… and I’ve already talked a bit about that. . The second is owning the development of leadership talent and succession planning. If you look at my senior management team, you’ll see that we’ve got leaders from Mexico, Lebanon, the UK, Australia, Liberia, Turkey, France, Colombia, Ireland and the U. S. At times, Coca-Cola resembles the United Nations… and in fact we are in more markets than our represented by the UN today. This extraordinary diversity of ideas and cultures and beliefs is undeniably one of the most important competitive advantages we have as a business system.

I sense more and more businesses will begin to resemble us in this regard in the coming years. In fact, CEOs in the US and Europe recently told an Economist survey that their senior management teams will become more international over the next three years. We feel strongly that the next generation of leadership will need to be able to recognize and harness the power of diversity. One of the most fulfilling diversity programs I am personally involved in is serving as the chair of our Company’s Women’s Leadership Council.

In this role, I work with senior women executives throughout our company to identify strategies to attract and develop more women into leadership positions. The keen insights women bring to our business are profound, to say the least. Today, women account for the majority of purchase decision makers for our beverages. Globally, women make up 70 percent of all grocery shoppers. As more and more women around the world gain economic power, we need to be there with the right shopper insights, the right mix of products, and the right marketing and merchandising strategies.

Women’s leadership has never been more important. As the CEO, my job is to create a climate of success for our people and inspire them to achieve the vision we have created for our business. That’s really the true essence of leadership. At the end of the day, it all comes down to execution. As I mentioned earlier, vision without execution is simply daydreaming. For The Coca-Cola Company, execution involves focusing on our three core capabilities of… consumer marketing — which generates that bond and emotional connection with our consumers… ommercial leadership — which involves all the strategic actions we take with our 20 million retail customers who sell our brands around the world each day… and franchise leadership — which is working with our 300 bottling partners around the world to create greater system alignment. Fore effective leadership — especially in these times of challenge, there can be no substitute for strategic thinking and tireless, relentless execution. There can be no alternative for attracting and retaining the absolute best people to lead and creating a dynamic environment for them.

And there can be no job more important than communicating effectively with your customers and all your key stakeholders. As you can see, our strategic renewal is a journey that’s at its beginning stages. But by formulating a clear and compelling vision… getting our system aligned behind it… executing… and constantly communicating our intentions — I’m extremely confident that we will succeed. Muhtar Kent is Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of The Coca-Cola Company. Mr. Kent joined The Coca-Cola Company in Atlanta in 1978 and has held a variety of marketing and operations roles throughout his career.

In 1985, he was appointed General Manager of Coca-Cola Turkey and Central Asia. From 1989 to 1995, he served as President of the Company’s East Central Europe Division and Senior Vice President of Coca-Cola International, with responsibility for 23 countries. Between 1995 and 1998, Mr. Kent served as Managing Director of Coca-Cola Amatil-Europe, covering bottling operations in 12 countries. From 1999 until his return to The Coca-Cola Company in May 2005, he served as President and CEO of the Efes Beverage Group, the majority shareholder of Turkish bottler Coca-Cola Icecek.

Headquartered in Istanbul and listed on the London and Istanbul Stock Exchanges, Efes is a publicly traded beverage enterprise whose Coca-Cola and beer operations extend from the Adriatic to the Pacific Ocean. Under Mr. Kent’s leadership, Efes experienced extraordinary growth, with triple-digit revenue growth and a 250 percent increase in market capitalization. During that time, in addition to taking Efes Breweries International public on the London Stock Exchange, Mr. Kent also served as a board member of Coca-Cola Icecek. Mr.

Kent was named President and Chief Operating Officer of The Coca-Cola Company’s North Asia, Eurasia and Middle East Group from 2005 until early 2006, where he was responsible for the operations across a broad and diverse geographic region that included China, Japan and Russia. Mr. Kent served as President of Coca-Cola International through most of 2006, responsible for operations outside of North America, until his appointment as President and Chief Operating Officer of The Coca-Cola Company, overseeing all operations of the business, including Bottling Investments.

He succeeded Neville Isdell as Chief Executive Officer of the Company on July 1, 2008, and as Chairman of the Board of Directors on April 23, 2009. Mr. Kent holds a bachelor of science degree in economics from Hull University, England, and a master of science degree in administrative sciences from London City University The news last week that The Coca-Cola Company’s heir apparent and chief operating officer, Muhtar Kent, is to succeed E. Neville Isdell as chief executive officer in July next year will have come as a huge relief to those with a vested interest in the soft drinks giant’s success.

Kent has been groomed by Isdell for the position since he rejoined Coke in May 2005 and became president in December 2006. However, Coke’s recent track record in executive succession made nothing a certainty, and a repeat of the last two CEO appointments, which left the company demoralised and haemorrhaging executive talent, could never be ruled out. Most recently, this was seen four years ago when Isdell came out of retirement to beat then COO Steve Heyer to the CEO’s chair. For some, Heyer was Coke’s natural heir and the decision to pass him over left the boardroom and management divided.

Although Isdell’s track record over the last four years suggests the move was the right one, at the time it summed up a company that was struggling to convince itself or its investors that it had any direction at all. Isdell, who will remain as chairman until the company’s annual shareholders’ meeting in April 2009, has worked hard to turn that situation around. Those looking back over his tenure will judge positively a man who has overseen rejuvenated beverage sales and profits across the world, improved bottler relations and the arrival of new talent to replace that which had been lost during a difficult time in the company’s history.

But perhaps, given the past, his greatest triumph has been to ensure a smooth handover to Kent, as this epitomises the new confidence the Atlanta-based group wants to portray. “I have a very, very strong belief that successful management transition is one of the key jobs of the CEO and the chairman,” Isdell said in an interview recently. “It’s one of the key goals I set for myself. … I’ve been working on it for three and a half years, and I’m trying to do it the right way. ” That “right way” was to convince Kent to rejoin the Coke family after a stint as president and CEO of the Turkish drinks company Efes Beverage Group.

Before that, he had been in the Coke ranks since 1978 in a variety of marketing and operating roles. But his relationship with Isdell really grew from 1989 to 1995, when he was president of Coke’s East Central European division. During this period, Isdell and Kent jointly oversaw the company’s successful move into Eastern Bloc countries as the Iron Curtain fell. His rise up the Coke ranks was not without its hurdles though, and after three years at the helm of Coca-Cola Amatil Europe, he left the company in 1998, following controversy surrounding insider-trading allegations.

Kent settled out of court and continues to deny any wrongdoing. On balance, however, the drinks community seems to think Coke has got its man. “We have confidence in the board’s judgment and continue to recommend KO [Coca-Cola] shares believing that operating performance will continue at or above long-term targets,” said Stifel Nicolaus beverage analyst Mark Swartzberg. Importantly, Kent has been right at the forefront of so much of the progress that has been made at Coke in recent years.

Isdell has turned to him to fix troubled international markets and he headed up the company’s largest acquisition, its US$4. 1bn purchase of Energy Brands, the producer of Glaceau Vitaminwater. His stock is also high amongst the bottlers after working to repair relations with some of the bigger partners. John F. Brock, president and CEO of Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE), said last week: “Muhtar and Neville are a strong leadership team. Muhtar has a solid understanding of our unique challenges and opportunities in North America and Europe. “

Kent still faces challenges. North America remains problematic for carbonated drinks and Coca-Cola is still playing catch-up with rival PepsiCo in efforts to diversify a portfolio still heavily reliant on this unspectacular category. Improving morale in-house is also a job in progress – the self-inflicted wounds of the beginning of the decade are deep. But in truth the only black mark appears to be the decade-old insider-trading fiasco at Amatil. “This event may be taken as an occasion to re-raise the question of Mr Kent’s ethics,” warned Swartzberg.

Coca-Cola’s board had an outside law firm investigate the matter before re-hiring Kent and as Swartzberg points out: “Local regulators ultimately dropped their investigation of the matter and…this subject has been vetted by Mr Isdell and the board, implying the board’s knowledge of and confidence in Mr Kent’s character is high. ” However, others believe the matter still needs addressing. “The issue remains on investors’ minds and, given Kent’s increasing role at the company, we think Coke will need to continue trying to get investors comfortable with the situation,” another analyst was quoted saying.

At the moment, Isdell talks as if the issue is closed, but many in the investment community still seem to feel there are questions to answer. Convincing them otherwise could be Isdell’s final triumph. here are four main types of management styles that each business would use. Coca Cola have four principles of citizenship that they would have to incorporate into the management style: * Provide quality in the marketplace * Enrich the workplace * Preserve the environment * Strengthen the community A management style is an overall method of leadership used by the manager.

The Coca Cola Company use the following management styles, but each one in different departments. There are three main types of management styles used in businesses: Autocratic Where the leader makes all the decisions, there is no negotiation and is very prescriptive and there is little job satisfaction. However, the job gets done quickly and there is less conflict between different ideas. This style is hardly used among the company as they believe that the lack of input could lead to poor results.

Autocratic does save a lot of time as quick decisions can be made and there is no time wasted on discussion resulting in the business saving time and money. Democratic This emphasises on group agreements to generate new ideas. There are two types of democratic management styles; democratic and consultative democratic. Democratic is where all the managers, junior managers and employees are involved in the ideas and final decision process. Out of all the workers, no-one has a higher level than the others n this management style. Consultative democratic

This is where the managers allow the employees to make the ideas but the ideas are forwarded to the executive’s or the manager consults their team to make the final decision. Coca Cola applies consultative management style to the company more as there can be less conflict for what the final decision is. The advantage of this is that it helps to motivate staff as they are aware that they have a say in the company to some extent. The disadvantages of this that the process is very time consuming and effort will be needed by a manager to do this. Management encourages employees to set goals in line within the organization aims.

There are reviewed regularly in performance appraisals. The advantages of this style are that it will increase efficiency of individuals and help to motivate them and train them so they are productive. The disadvantages of this are that it needs to be well organized and will not work in highly structured jobs. Democratic style is the management style that Coca cola adopts. This sort of management style involves empowerment. In this management style individuals and teams are given responsibilities and decisions to make, usually within a given framework.

If anything wrong happens then the individuals and teams are then held responsible for the decisions that are chosen. With this type of management style it allows the manager to feel comfortable with other people in the organization making some of the decisions. Democratic managers will often want feed back from their employees on decisions being made. Democratic leaders listen and act on the opinions of the group. This type of management is good as it makes the employees happy and productivity is high. This is a very good method because employee’s thoughts and suggestions are listened to by the business.

This makes the employees seem as if they are respected and that their thoughts are valid. Coca Cola’s Management by Objectives Management by objectives is a process of management that emphasises the role of leadership and communications in the organisation and control of the business. It is a method of managing managers rather than the workforce at large. The following shows how Coca Cola is managed, by the three basic elements in management that Coca Cola uses by the objectives: • The identification of agreed goals by a manager and a subordinate • The definition of the subordinate’s responsibilities in terms of agreed results The use of agreed goals and responsibilities to control the progress of the business Cultures ——– Every business is made up of different cultures and the cultures that are present within the business depend on the management style and the organisational structures that are used. The different types of structures are: Role Culture- This is best suited to a hierarchy organizational structure. This type of culture works best by every employee playing the role that he or she has been predetermined and corresponds with the rules and regulations of the business

Task Culture- This culture encourages people to work as a team; this works best in a star structure. Power Culture- This works well in a matrix structure. It is based around one dominant individual/leader. Person Culture- this culture focuses on providing administrative help and support and close attention to one person in the organization. Role culture is the culture that Coca Cola adopts. This is where all members have a defined job or role to carry out. Role culture is normally split up into a number of functions that are organized in a hierarchical way.

Coca Cola would divide themselves into various functions like accounts, marketing and production. These also have hierarchical ordering of office examples of these are production director, production managers, supervisors, technicians, operatives etc. This type of culture works by logic and rationality. Role culture is mainly used in large organization. In this culture position in the main source of power and rules and procedures are the main source of influence. They also use task culture s the employees from the I. T department might have to work together to teach their goal or target Management style of Coca Cola.

If the culture of the business is not good, it can affect the number of absenteeism and punctuality. This means that if Coca Cola had a hard and unfriendly culture it can force their staff not to come to work because they might be picked on every day by other staff members, or they might not like the work they are given so they either come in late or take a day of work. This would result in the business losing out on work, and have less time to call in for a replacement. The culture of Coca Cola could have an affect on industrial relations, between managers and workers.

So if Coca Cola didn’t have a warm and genial culture it would cause more disagreements between staff and managers and staff would not be motivated to work, for example, staff may have to cut down on rest days, this could cause arguments as all staff would be tired from working everyday and would not have time to recover or spend it with their family. However, if the company had a warm culture then the managers and staff would get very well as staff would have less stress to compete with and would have a friendly environment to work in without having someone constantly shout out at staff. Advertisement

Haiyang Zheng Andrew Kusiak e-mail: andrew-kusiak@uiowa. edu Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 3131 Seamans Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1527 Prediction of Wind Farm Power Ramp Rates: A Data-Mining Approach In this paper, multivariate time series models were built to predict the power ramp rates of a wind farm. The power changes were predicted at 10 min intervals. Multivariate time series models were built with data-mining algorithms. Five different data-mining algorithms were tested using data collected at a wind farm.

The support vector machine regression algorithm performed best out of the ? ve algorithms studied in this research. It provided predictions of the power ramp rate for a time horizon of 10–60 min. The boosting tree algorithm selects parameters for enhancement of the prediction accuracy of the power ramp rate. The data used in this research originated at a wind farm of 100 turbines. The test results of multivariate time series models were presented in this paper. Suggestions for future research were provided. DOI: 10. 1115/1. 142727 Keywords: power ramp rate prediction, wind farm, data-mining algorithms, multivariate time series model, parameter selection 1 Introduction Wind power generation is rapidly expanding and is becoming a noticeable contributor to the electric grid. The fact that most largescale wind farms were developed in recent years has made studies of their performance overdue. Given the changing nature of the wind regime, wind farm power varies across all time scales. The ? uctuating power of wind farms is usually balanced by the power produced by the traditional power plants to meet the grid requirements.

The change of power output in time is referred to as ramping and it is measured with the power ramp rate PRR . The prediction of PRR at 10 min intervals is of interest to the wind industry due to the tightening electric grid requirements 1 . Though the power prediction research has a long tradition in the wind industry, the interest in prediction of power ramps is emerging. There is no industry standard for PRR prediction. Power ramp rate on 10 min intervals is to bene? t the gird management and power scheduling in the wind industry. The literature related to power ramps is discussed next.

Svoboda et al. 2 proposed a Lagrangian relaxation method to solve hydrothermal generation scheduling problems. Three PRR constraints were considered and illustrated with a numerical example. Ummels et al. 3 presented a simulation method to evaluate the integration of large-scale wind farm power with the conventional power generation sources from a cost, reliability, and environmental perspective. Based on the PRR constraints for the reserve activation and generation schedule, the capability of a thermal generation system for balancing a wind power was investigated.

Potter and Negnevitsky 4 applied an adaptive-neuron-fuzzy inference approach to forecast short-term wind speed and direction. Torres et al. 5 used transformed data to build the autoregressive moving average ARMA time series model for prediction of mean hourly wind speed of up to 10 h into the future. Sfetsos 6 presented a novel method for forecasting mean hourly wind speed based on the time series analysis data and showed that the developed model outperformed the conventional forecasting models.

Lange and Focken 7 presented various models for short-term wind power prediction, including physics-based, fuzzy, and neuContributed by the Solar Energy Engineering Division of ASME for publication in the JOURNAL OF SOLAR ENERGY ENGINEERING. Manuscript received August 10, 2008; ? nal manuscript received March 6, 2009; published online July 9, 2009. Review conducted by Spyros Voutsinas. rofuzzy models. Using meteorological data, Barbounis et al. 8 constructed a local recurrent neural network model for long-term wind speed and power forecasting. Hourly wind farm forecasts of up to 72 h were produced.

Developing power and PRR prediction models for wind farms is challenging, as power output is known to undergo rapid variations due to changes in the wind speed, e. g. , due to gusts. The power output strongly depends on the wind conditions and the changing environment of the wind farm. The stochastic nature of a wind farm environment calls for new modeling approaches to accurately predict the power ramp rate. Data mining is a promising approach for modeling wind farm performance. Numerous applications of data mining in manufacturing, marketing, medical informatics, and energy industry proved successful 9–14 .

In this paper, a data-mining approach was applied to build a multivariate time series model to predict power ramp rates of a wind farm over 10 min intervals. Five different data-mining algorithms for the PRR prediction were employed. The boosting tree algorithm was used to reduce the dimensionality of the input and to enhance prediction accuracy. The models were built using historical data collected by the supervisory control and data acquisition SCADA system installed at a wind farm. 2 Basic Methodologies for PRR Prediction 2. 1 Time Series Prediction Modeling.

Time series prediction 15 focuses on determining future events based on known observations, measured typically at successive time intervals often uniform . Time series models are generally applicable to monitoring industrial processes and tracking time-based business metrics. There are two types of time series models: univariate and multivariate models. The univariate time series model consists of observations of a single parameter recorded sequentially over equal time increments. In the multivariate time series model, observations are ? xed-dimension vectors of different parameter values.

The univariate time series prediction model 15,16 is expressed as follows: ? y t + wT = f y t ,y t ? T , . . . ,y t ? mT 1 where T is the sampling time interval , wT is the prediction horizon for example, for w = 2 and T = 10 min, the prediction hori? zon is 20 min , y t + wT is the predicted parameter, y t , y t AUGUST 2009, Vol. 131 / 031011-1 Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Copyright © 2009 by ASME Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm ? T , . . . y t ? mT are the current and past observed parameters, and m + 1 is the number of inputs predictors of the model. The multivariate time series model 15 is formulated as follows: ? y t + wT = f y t ,y t ? T , . . . ,y t ? mT ;x1 t ,x1 t ? T , . . . , x1 t ? mT ;x2 t ,x2 t ? T , . . . ,x2 t ? mT ; . . . ; xn t ,xn t ? T , . . . ,xn t ? mT 2 where T is the sampling time interval , wT is the prediction horizon, x1 . . . , xn , y and n + 1 are the observations of the time series ? forming the n + 1 dimensional vector, y t + wT is the predicted parameter, y t , y t ?

T , . . . , y t ? mT are the current and past observed values of y, x1 t , x1 t ? T , . . . , x1 t ? mT are the current and past observed values of parameters x1 , . . . , xn, and m + 1 n + 1 is the number of inputs predictors of the model. To obtain an accurate prediction model with the data-mining approach, appropriate parameters predictors need to be selected. Data mining offers different algorithms to perform this task. For example, the boosting tree algorithm 17,18 and the wrapper approach 19,20 , utilizing the genetic or the ? st best search algorithm 13,21 select the important predictors. The total number of all possible predictors m + 1 n+1 forms a high-dimensional input to the time series model, and therefore the performance of the resultant model is likely to be inferior. To maximize performance of the prediction model, a boosting tree algorithm is employed to select a set of the most important predictors among the m + 1 n + 1 ones in Eq. 2 : y t ,y t ? T , . . . ,y t ? mT ;x1 t ,x1 t ? T , . . . , x1 t ? mT ; . . . ;xn t ,xn t ? T , . . . ,xn t ? mT 2. 2 Prediction Accuracy Metrics.

Two main metrics, the mean absolute error MAE and the standard deviation Std of the absolute error AE , were used to measure prediction accuracy of different data-mining algorithms. The small value of MAE and Std imply the superior prediction performance of the models extracted by data-mining algorithms. In fact, MAE and Std based on absolute error are widely used in the wind industry. Their de? nitions are expressed as ? AE = y t + wT ? y t + wT N 3 Fig. 1 Typical power, power ramp rate, and wind speed plots: „a… wind farm power, „b… power ramp rate, and „c… wind speed AE i MAE =

N i=1 N 4 of each turbine is 1. 5 MW, the capacity of the wind farm is 133. 5 MW. The power ramp rate used in this paper is de? ned as the rate of change of wind farm power during a 10 min interval the standard time interval in wind energy industry and is expressed in kW/ min: PRR = P t + 10 ? P t 10 6 AE i ? MAE Std = i=1 N? 1 5 ? where y t + wT is the predicted PRR, y t + wT is the observed measured PRR, and N is the number of test data points for the prediction model. The data set used by the PRR prediction models is divided into training and test data sets. 2. 3 Data Description.

The data used in this research were generated at a wind farm with 100 turbines. Though the data were sampled at high frequency, e. g. , 2 s, it was averaged and stored at 10 min intervals referred to as the 10 min average data . The data used in this research were collected over a period of 1 month for all turbines of the wind farm. Some data contained many missing values or abnormal values outside of the normal physical range, and thus 89 turbines were selected for the study. For example, the SCADA recorded wind speed should be in the range 0–20 m/s, and the power should be in the range 0–1600 kW.

As the rated power 031011-2 / Vol. 131, AUGUST 2009 where P t + 10 is the wind farm power at time t + 10 time t plus 10 min and P t is the wind farm power at time t. The power ramp rate expresses the rate of change of the wind farm power due to the stochastic nature of the wind. Figure 1 a illustrates the power produced by a wind farm over 10 min intervals. Figure 1 b shows the power ramp rate corresponding to the power presented in Fig. 1 a . Figure 1 c shows the wind speed for the time period considered in Figs. 1 b and 1 c . Ignoring the power consumed by the wind farm, the power produced is always positive Fig. a ; however, the PRR can be positive or negative. The positive PRR indicates increasing power over time, while the negative PRR value means that the wind farm power is decreasTransactions of the ASME Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm Table 1 List of parameters Parameter Mean Std Max Min Power PRR Description Mean wind speed of a turbine Standard deviation of the wind speed of a turbine Maximum wind speed of a turbine Minimum wind speed of a turbine Wind farm power Power ramp rate of the wind farm Unit

Table 3 The importance index of predictors generated by the boosting tree algorithm for t + 10 model Predictor m/s m/s m/s m/s kW kW/min PRR-1 PRR-2 PRR-3 PRR-4 PRR-5 Mean-1 Mean-2 Mean-3 Mean-4 Mean-5 Min-1 Min-2 Min-3 Min-4 Min-5 Max-1 Max-2 Max-3 Max-4 Max-5 Std-1 Std-2 Std-3 Std-4 Std-5 Power-1 Power-2 Power-3 Power-4 Power-5 Variable rank 100 100 66 53 71 44 49 38 41 37 67 52 49 44 42 45 48 37 42 40 43 51 45 43 36 40 54 48 41 39 Importance 1. 00 1. 00 0. 66 0. 53 0. 71 0. 44 0. 49 0. 38 0. 41 0. 37 0. 67 0. 52 0. 49 0. 44 0. 42 0. 45 0. 48 0. 37 0. 42 0. 40 0. 3 0. 51 0. 45 0. 43 0. 36 0. 40 0. 54 0. 48 0. 41 0. 39 Table 2 The data set description Data set 1 2 3 Start time stamp 1/1/07 1:40 a. m. End time stamp 1/31/07 11:50 p. m. Description Total data set; 4455 observations Training data set; 3568 1/1/07 1:40 a. m. 1/25/07 8:00 p. m. observations Test data set; 887 1/25/07 8:10 p. m. 1/31/07 11:50 p. m. observations ing. The larger the absolute value of PRR, the faster the power surge or drop . The wind speeds of 89 turbines, the wind speed statistics, and the power collected by the SCADA system were used in data mining.

In this paper, six different parameters were used to build the multivariate time series model. The mean, Std, max, min, and power are the ? rst ? ve parameters x1 , . . . , x5 and the PRR is the sixth parameter y of model 2 . Table 1 lists all the parameters used in this paper. The number of parameters is limited by the data available in this research. The model accuracy could be enhanced if more data were available. The six parameters recorded at 10 min intervals resulted in 4455 instances data set 1 in Table 2 , beginning from “1/1/07 at 1:40 a. m. ” and continuing to “1/31/07 at 11:50 p. . ” During this time period, the overall wind farm performance was considered to be normal. Data set 1 was divided into two subsets: data set 2 and data set 3. Data set 2 contains 3568 data points and were used to develop a prediction model with data-mining algorithms. Data set 3 includes 887 data points and were used to test the prediction performance of the model extracted from data set 2. For the test data set, the MAE Eq. 4 and Std Eq. 5 were the metrics used to evaluate the data-mining algorithms applied to learn multivariate time series model of Sec. 2. 1. 2. 4 Parameter Selection.

Due to the high-dimensionality of the input vector of predictors of the multivariate time series model, the number of inputs was reduced. The quality of the mod- Fig. 2 The importance of predictors generated by the boosting tree algorithm for the t + 10 model Journal of Solar Energy Engineering AUGUST 2009, Vol. 131 / 031011-3 Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm Fig. 3 Illustration of the multiperiod multivariate time series prediction model: „a… the t + 10 min PRR prediction and „b… the t + 20 min PRR prediction ls learned from high- and reduced-dimensionality data were compared in Secs. 3. 1 and 3. 2. The most signi? cant predictors were determined by the boosting tree algorithm 17,18 . The same approach was shown to be successful in a previous research 14 . The basic idea of the boosting tree algorithm is to build a number of trees e. g. , binary trees splitting the data set and to approximate the underlying function. The importance of each predictor is measured by its contribution to the prediction accuracy of the training data set.

To build a multivariate t + 10 time series model for 10 min ahead predictions , the value of m = 5 used in the multivariate model is selected, which means that four values observed in the past and one current value of each parameter are considered. In total, six different parameters of the multivariate model were considered and thus it contains 5 6 = 30 predictors. The 30dimensional input is reduced by the boosting tree algorithm. Table 3 shows the importance index of 30 predictors computed by the boosting tree algorithm based on data set 2 of Table 2.

The index “-1” in Table 3 indicates the observation sampled 10 min earlier, “-2” indicates the observation sampled 20 min earlier, and “-3, -4, and -5” indicate the observations sampled 30 min, 40 min, and 50 min earlier, respectively. Note that all the parameter values used in this paper were all average values over the 10 min interval. Figure 2 shows the importance of all 30 predictors for the t + 10 min models ranked from the largest to the smallest one. To maximize prediction accuracy it is important to select important predictors among the ones on the list y t ,y t ? T , . . . ,y t ? mT ;x1 t ,x1 t ?

T , . . . , x1 t ? mT ; . . . ;xn t ,xn t ? T , . . . ,xn t ? mT A threshold value of 0. 50 was established heuristically to select the predictors for the time series models. The predictors selected by the boosting tree algorithm for the t + 10 min PRR are PPR-1, PPR-2, PPR-5, Min-1, PPR-3, Power-2, PRR-4, Min-2, and Std-2. The number of predictors was reduced from 30 to 9. The threshold value of 0. 50 used in the computation produced good quality results. A lower threshold value would lead to more Table 4 Prediction error of the t + 10 models without parameter selection generated by the ? e different algorithms Absolute error kW/min MLP SVM C&R Fig. 4 Prediction results produced by the t + 10 model without parameter selection: „a… prediction performance of the ? ve different algorithms for the test data set of Table 2 and „b… the observed and predicted PPRs by the SVM algorithm predictors that could degrade performance of the models due to the “curse of dimensionality” principle 19,22 , which means that high-dimension input could negatively impact performance of the model built by the data-mining algorithm. 2. 5 Multiperiod Predictions With a Multivariate Time Series Model.

The t + 10 min prediction model is not suf? cient for integration of the wind farm with the power grid. Six different multivariate time series models are needed to predict the PRR at t + 10– t + 60 min intervals. For t + 10 interval prediction, data set 2 in Table 2 is used for parameter selection and building time series models with data-mining algorithms, and the test data data set 3 in Table 2 were used to validate performance of the models. For t + 20– t + 60 predictions, the training data set remains the same; however, the test data set containing 887 points is reduced by one for each of the next 10 min period predictions.

Figure 3 illustrates the concept of a multiperiod prediction for PRR over 10 min intervals. In this model, the sampling time period T is 10 min. Using the 10 min average measured values including mean, Std, max, min, power, and PRR in Table 1 at the intervals t = ? 50, t = ? 40 , . . . , t = ? 10, t = 0? , the average PRR value at the subsequent interval t + 10 is predicted Fig. 3 a . In Table 5 Prediction error of the t + 10 model with selected parameters generated by ? ve different algorithms Absolute error kW/min MLP SVM C&R MAE 340. 66 298. 94 360. 19 396. 62 312. 44 Std 448. 9 323. 32 407. 56 396. 62 342. 33 Maximum 5119. 73 2512. 34 2657. 89 4236. 02 3516. 80 Minimum 0. 03 0. 15 0. 15 0. 38 0. 03 MAE 280. 13 243. 14 307. 97 356. 79 290. 57 Std 309. 38 276. 39 335. 56 323. 92 318. 37 Maximum 3248. 12 2817. 77 3860. 94 3516. 65 3270. 62 Minimum 0. 16 0. 03 0. 61 0. 15 0. 03 Random forest tree Pace regression Random forest tree Pace regression 031011-4 / Vol. 131, AUGUST 2009 Transactions of the ASME Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm

Table 6 The importance index of predictors generated by the boosting tree algorithm for t + 20 model Predictor Mean-1 Mean-2 Mean-3 Mean-4 Mean-5 Std-1 Std-2 Std-3 Std-4 Std-5 Max-1 Max-2 Max-3 Max-4 Max-5 Min-1 Min-2 Min-3 Min-4 Min-5 PRR-1 PRR-2 PRR-3 PRR-4 PRR-5 Power-1 Power-2 Power-3 Power-4 Power-5 Variable rank 54 50 41 39 31 40 46 48 46 32 68 61 42 47 36 33 46 31 32 28 100 72 26 49 38 68 57 46 47 40 Importance 0. 54 0. 50 0. 41 0. 39 0. 31 0. 40 0. 46 0. 48 0. 46 0. 32 0. 68 0. 61 0. 42 0. 47 0. 36 0. 33 0. 38 0. 31 0. 32 0. 28 1. 00 0. 72 0. 26 0. 52 0. 38 0. 68 0. 57 0. 50 0. 51 0. 40 Fig. The prediction results of the t + 10 model with parameter selection: „a… prediction performance of the ? ve algorithms for the test data set of Table 2 and „b… observed and predicted PRRs by the SVM algorithm Fig. 3 b , based on the measured values including mean, Std, max, min, power, and PRR in Table 1 at the intervals t = ? 50, t = ? 40 , . . . , t = ? 10, t = 0 , the average PRR value at the subsequent interval t + 20 is predicted. Similarly, with the same input and different models, the 10 min average PRR values at intervals t + 30, t + 40, and t + 50 are predicted. 3 Industrial Case Study 3. The t + 10 min PRR Prediction Without Parameter Selection. To compare the accuracy of models built before and after parameters selection, the original 30 predictors were used as inputs to construct a multivariate time series model. Five different data-mining algorithms were applied to build PRR prediction models for a wind farm based on data set 2 of Table 2. These algorithms include the multilayer perceptron algorithm MLP 23,24 , the support vector machine SVM regression 25,26 , the random forest 27,28 , the classi? cation and regression C&R tree 13,29 , and the pace regression algorithm 13,30 .

The ? ve algorithms used in this research are representative of different classes of data-mining algorithms. The MLP algorithm is usually used in nonlinear regression and classi? cation modeling. The SVM is a supervised learning algorithm used in classi? cation and regression. It constructs a linear discriminant function that separates instances as widely as possible. The C&R tree builds a decision tree to predict either classes classi? cation or Gaussians regression . The random forest algorithm grows many classi? cation trees to classify a new object from an input vector. Each tree Fig. The importance of predictors computed by the boosting tree algorithm Journal of Solar Energy Engineering AUGUST 2009, Vol. 131 / 031011-5 Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm Table 7 Prediction error for the t + 20 models generated by the ? ve different algorithms Absolute error kW/min MLP SVM C&R MAE 362. 52 301. 31 364. 28 336. 25 336. 79 Std 360. 21 319. 48 366. 12 340. 41 347. 08 Maximum 3960. 36 3635. 03 4067. 49 4473. 17 4023. 24 Minimum 1. 27 0. 10 0. 88 1. 34 0. 65 Random forest tree Pace regression otes for every class, and ? nally the forest chooses the classi? cation having the most votes over all the trees in the forest. The pace regression algorithm consists of a group of estimators that are either optimal overall or optimal under certain conditions. It is a new approach to ? tting linear models in high-dimensional spaces. To test the accuracy of these algorithms, models trained from data set 2 of Table 2 were tested on data set 3 from Table 2. Table 4 shows the prediction accuracy of the models generated by the ? ve algorithms. Figure 4 a illustrates the absolute error of different algorithms. The ? st 100 observed PPRs and those predicted by the SVM algorithm for data set 3 were shown in Fig. 4 b . It can be seen from Table 4 and Fig. 4 that the SVM algorithm outperforms the other four algorithms. The C&R tree algorithm produces the worst predictions, and the pace regression algorithm performs quite well. The model can be updated to re? ect the process change over time. The update frequency could be, e. g. , 3 weeks. Alternatively, a separate routine could monitor the model performance and refresh the model once its performance would degrade. 3. 2 The t + 10 min Prediction With Parameter Selection.

In this section, the predictors as input for the multivariate time series model are selected by the boosting tree algorithm. As described in Sec. 2. 3, 9 out of 30 predictors were selected to build the time series model. The nine selected predictors are PPR-1, PPR-2, PPR-5, Min-1, PPR-3, Power-2, PRR-4, Min-2, and Std-2. To test the difference between t + 10 min prediction models built with and without parameter selection, the ? ve data-mining algorithms in Sec. 3. 1 were used. Multivariate models were retrained from data set 2 of Table 2 and were tested on data set 3 from Table 2.

Table 5 shows the prediction accuracy of the models generated by the ? ve algorithms. Figure 5 a illustrates the absolute error of the ? ve algorithms, while Fig. 5 b shows the ? rst 100 observed PPRs and those predicted by the SVM algorithm for data set 3. The results in Tables 4 and 5, and Figs. 4 and 5 demonstrate that the prediction accuracy of all ? ve algorithms was improved after parameter selection by the boosting tree algorithm. The SVM algorithm outperformed the other four algorithms in both scenarios, i. e. , with and without parameter selection. 3. 3 The t + 20 min Prediction With Parameter Selection.

To build a multivariate time series model for t + 20 min PRR prediction, parameter selection is performed by the boosting tree algorithm. Table 6 shows the importance of 30 predictors computed by the boosting tree algorithm based on data set 2 in Table 2 and t + 20 prediction horizons. In Table 6, -1 denotes the observation sampled 10 min earlier, 2 denotes the observation sampled 20 min earlier, and -3, -4, and -5 denote the observations sampled 30 min, 40 min, and 50 min in the past, respectively. Figure 6 shows the importance index of the 30 predictors for t + 20 PRR predictions ranked from the largest to the smallest one.

When comparing the results in Figs. 6 and 2, and Tables 6 and 3, the importance of predictors varies for the t + 10 and t + 20 models. Similar to Sec. 2. 4, 0. 5 was established as a threshold to select signi? cant predictors for t + 20 model. The boosting tree algorithm selected seven predictors and provided the following ranking: PPR-1, PPR-2, Max-1, Power-1, Max-2, Power-2, and Mean-1. 031011-6 / Vol. 131, AUGUST 2009 Fig. 7 Observed and predicted PRRs from the t + 20 models with selected parameters: „a… MLP algorithm, „b… SVM algorithm, „c… random forest algorithm, „d… C&R tree algorithm, and „e… pace regression algorithm

Transactions of the ASME Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm Table 8 Absolute error statistics for multiperiod models Absolute error kW/min t + 30 t + 40 t + 50 t + 60 min min min min prediction prediction prediction prediction MAE 329. 83 347. 92 387. 45 458. 70 Std 347. 03 418. 41 404. 92 469. 24 Maximum 4109. 27 4600. 32 4566. 47 4972. 20 Minimum 0. 59 1. 94 0. 02 0. 62 Table 7 shows the prediction error of the models generated by the ? e algorithms the same as in Sec. 3. 2 . Figure 7 shows the ? rst 100 observed and predicted PRR values for data set 3 in Table 2. The SVM algorithm outperformed the other four; however, the accuracy decreased compared with the t + 10 results reported in Sec. 3. 2. 3. 4 Multiperiod Prediction With Parameter Selection. As the SVM algorithm performed better for both t + 10 and t + 20 predictions. Therefore, it was selected to build multivariate time series PRR models for t + 30– t + 60 min intervals. After parameter selection with the same parameter importance threshold of 0. , the 30 predictors were reduced to a seven-dimensional input with the boosting tree algorithm. For the t + 30 min model, the seven predictors were ranked as follows: Min-3, Min-1, Min-2, PRR-2, PRR-3, Max-3, and PRR-1. For the t + 40 min model, the ranking is PRR-2, PRR-4, PRR-1, Max-1, Power-1, PRR-3, and Mean-1. For the t + 50 min model, the ranking is PRR-1, Max-1, Mean-1, PRR-3, Std-1, PRR-4, and Power-5. And for the t + 60 min model, the ranking is Std-2, PRR-2, Mean-2, Max-2, Power-4, Power-5, and Max-3. The boosting tree algorithm selects different parameters over different periods of the PRR prediction, i. . , the results depend on the data set properties. Using the selected parameters, multiperiod prediction models were built by the SVM algorithm. The test data set used for the t + 10 min model of Sec. 3. 2 containing 887 points was reduced by 1 for each of the next 10 min period predictions. Table 8 shows the absolute error statistics for the multivariate time series prediction over four different 10 min intervals. Figures 8 a –8 d show the ? rst 100 observed and predicted PRRs over t + 30 min, t + 40 min, t + 50 min, and t + 60 min intervals, respectively.

The mean, the standard deviation, and the maximum error all increase as the prediction horizon lengthens. However, the minimum error remains relatively stable. The multivariate model provides accurate PRR prediction at the t + 10 to t + 40 intervals; however, the accuracy at the t + 50 and t + 60 intervals deteriorates. It appears that for longer horizon predictions, weather forecasting data may be useful. 4 Conclusion In this paper, multivariate time series models for power ramp rate prediction at different time horizons, from 10 min to 60 min, were constructed.

Five different data-mining algorithms were used to build the PRR prediction models. The boosting tree algorithm selected important predictors. After parameter selection, the original 30-dimensional input was signi? cantly reduced, and thus the accuracy of the multivariate time series model was improved. The SVM algorithm outperformed the other four algorithms studied in this paper. The multivariate time series model for PRR prediction built by the SVM algorithm turned out to be accurate and robust. The models constructed in the paper predicted the power ramp at t + 10– t + 60 min intervals.

A comprehensive comparative analysis of the multivariate models built with different data-mining algorithms was reported in this paper. The time series models accurately predicted the power ramp rate of the wind farm at t + 10– t + 40 horizons; however, the accuracy at t + 50 min and t + 60 min horizons degrades. The extracted Journal of Solar Energy Engineering Fig. 8 Observed and predicted PRRs for different periods for the ? rst 100 test data points: „a… the t + 30 min PRR model, „b… the t + 40 min PRR model, „c… the t + 50 min PRR model, and „d… the t + 60 min PRR model models are essential in power grid integration and management.

The multivariate time series prediction model may become a basis for predictive control aimed at optimizing the power ramp rate. The current wind farm power prediction models usually estimate the power at 1 h or 3 h intervals based on weather forecastAUGUST 2009, Vol. 131 / 031011-7 Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm ing data. These predictions reveal power ramps over long time horizons. Prediction of power ramp rates at shorter intervals, e. g. , 10 min, is of importance to the electric grid.

The model built in this research does not use weather forecasting data, and it provides valuable ramp rate prediction on 10 min intervals. One avenue to be pursued in future research is the transformation of the time series data, e. g. , using wavelets or Kalman ? lters. One disadvantage of the proposed approach is that the multivariate time series model used different parameters, and therefore updating the model with most current data is important. As the number of prediction steps increases, the error increases. The models investigated in this research were intended for predicting the power ramp rate at relatively short horizons.

One possible mitigation strategy is to incorporate weather forecasting and additional off-site observation data, all at additional computational cost. Other research questions, including the seasonal performance of the proposed approach, could be addressed, provided that the appropriate data would be available. Acknowledgment The research reported in the paper has been partially supported by funding from the Iowa Energy Center Grant No. 07-01. References 1 David, A. S. , 1994, Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts of Wind Turbine Engineering, ASME, New York, p. 638. 2 Svoboda, A. J. , Tseng, C. , Li, C. , and Johnson, R. B. 1997, “Short-Term Resource Scheduling With Ramp Constraints,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 12 1 , pp. 77–83. 3 Ummels, B. C. , Gibescu, M. , Pelgrum, E. , Kling, W. L. , and Brand, A. J. , 2007, “Impacts of Wind Power on Thermal Generation Unit Commitment and Dispatch,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. , 22 1 , pp. 44–51. 4 Potter, C. W. , and Negnevitsky, M. , 2006, “Very Short-Term Wind Forecasting for Tasmanian Power Generation,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst. , 21 2 , pp. 965– 972. 5 Torres, J. L. , Garcia, A. , De Blas, M. , and De Francisco, A. , 2005, “Forecast of Hourly Average Wind Speed With ARMA Models in Spain,” Sol. Energy, 79 1 , pp. 5–77. 6 Sfetsos, A. , 2002, “A Novel Approach for the Forecasting of the Mean Hourly Wind Speed Time Series,” Renewable Energy, 27 2 , pp. 163–174. 7 Lange, M. , and Focken, U. , 2006, Physical Approach to Short-Term Wind Power Prediction, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 208. 8 Barbounis, T. G. , Theocharis, J. B. , Alexiadis, M. C. , and Dokopoulos, P. S. , 2006, “Long-Term Wind Speed and Power Forecasting Using Local Recurrent Neural Network Models,” IEEE Trans. Energ. Convers. , 21 1 , pp. 273–284. 9 Kusiak, A. , and Song, Z. , 2006, “Combustion Ef? ciency Optimization and Virtual Testing: A Data-Mining Approach,” IEEE Trans. Ind.

Informat. , 2 3 , pp. 176–184. 10 Kusiak, A. , 2006, “Data Mining: Manufacturing and Service Applications,” Int. J. Prod. Res. , 44 18–19 , pp. 4175–4191. 11 Berry, M. J. A. , and Linoff, G. S. , 2004, Data Mining Techniques: For Marketing, Sales, and Customer Relationship Management, 2nd ed. , Wiley, New York. 12 Backus, P. , Janakiram, M. , Mowzoon, S. , Runger, G. C. , and Bhargava, A. , 2006, “Factory Cycle-Time Prediction With Data-Mining Approach,” IEEE Trans. Semicond. Manuf. , 19 2 , pp. 252–258. 13 Tan, P. N. , Steinbach, M. , and Kumar, V. , 2006, Introduction to Data Mining, Pearson/Addison Wesley, Boston, MA. 14 Kusiak, A. Zheng, H. , and Song, Z. , 2009, “Wind Farm Power Prediction: A Data Mining Approach,” Wind Energy, 12 3 , pp. 275–293. 15 Box, J. E. P. , and Jenkins, G. M. , 1976, Time Series Analysis Forecasting and Control, Holden-Day, San Francisco, CA. 16 Brown, B. G. , Katz, R. W. , and Murphy, A. H. , 1984, “Time Series Prediction Model to Simulate and Forecast Wind Speed and Wind Power,” J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol. , 23 8 , pp. 1184–1195. 17 Friedman, J. H. , 2002, “Stochastic Gradient Boosting,” Comput. Stat. Data Anal. , 38 4 , pp. 367–378. 18 Friedman, J. H. , 2001, “Greedy Function Approximation: A Gradient Boosting Machine,” Ann.

Stat. , 29 5 , pp. 1189–1232. 19 Witten, I. H. , and Frank, E. , 2005, Data Mining: Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques, 2nd ed. , Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA. 20 Kohavi, R. , and John, G. H. , 1997, “Wrappers for Feature Subset Selection,” Artif. Intell. , 97 1–2 , pp. 273–324. 21 Espinosa, J. , Vandewalle, J. , and Wertz, V. , 2005, Fuzzy Logic, Identi? cation and Predictive Control, Springer-Verlag, London, UK. 22 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Curse_of_dimensionality. 23 Bishop, C. M. , 1995, Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University, New York. 24 Seidel, P. , Seidel, A. , and Herbarth, O. 2007, “Multilayer Perceptron Tumor Diagnosis Based on Chromatography Analysis of Urinary Nucleoside,” Neural Networks, 20 5 , pp. 646–651. 25 Smola, A. J. , and Schoelkopf, B. , 2004, “A Tutorial on Support Vector Regression,” Stat. Comput. , 14 3 , pp. 199–222. 26 Cristianini, N. , and Shawe-Taylor, J. , 2000, An Introduction to Support Vector Machines and Other Kernel-Based Learning Methods, Cambridge University, New York, p. 189. 27 Prasad, A. M. , Iverson, L. R. , and Liaw, A. , 2006, “Newer Classi? cation and Regression Tree Techniques: Bagging and Random Forests for Ecological Prediction,” Ecosystems, 9 2 , pp. 81–189. 28 Breiman, L. , 2001, “Random Forest,” Mach. Learn. , 45 1 , pp. 5–32. 29 Breiman, L. , Friedman, J. , Olshen, R. A. , and Stone, C. J. , 1984, Classi? cation and Regression Trees, Wadsworth International, Monterey, CA. 30 Wang, Y. , and Witten, I. H. , 2002, “Modeling for Optimal Probability Prediction,” Proceedings of the 19th International Conference in Machine Learning, Sydney, Australia, pp. 650–657. 031011-8 / Vol. 131, AUGUST 2009 Transactions of the ASME Downloaded 02 Sep 2009 to 128. 255. 53. 136. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www. asme. org/terms/Terms_Use. cfm

Caretaker Government System must not Be Voided from the Constitution In the year 1996, under huge political pressure from the major opposition party the Awami league, the then government ruled by Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) introduced the caretaker government system in Bangladesh constitution by making the 13th amendment.

The summary of the amendment was that the head of the Caretaker government will be called the Chief Adviser and will be selected by the President and the main objective of the caretaker government will be to create an environment in which an election can be held in a free and fair manner without any political influence of the outgoing government. After the amendment was made in the constitution, an election was held under caretaker government the same year and Awami league won the election. Justice Muhammad Habibur Rahman was the chief adviser at that time and led the election.

However, after two long term gaps, in 2008, when Awami league again became the government of the country, since then they are trying to demolish the 13th amendment from the constitution. From my point of view, caretaker government system must be voided from the constitution of Bangladesh as the present government is strong enough to conduct a peaceful and fair election, the Election Commission is very sure about giving clear and acceptable results and there would be no mishaps regarding elections as there would be more law enforcement people working and law implementation.

In 40 years of independence, Bangladesh has experienced the leadership of a few but major political parties. However, the matter of regret is that the existing political parties which successfully gained the trust of people could not gain the trust of each other. It is one of the sole reasons of introducing the caretaker government system in the constitution of Bangladesh. The cause is, as a lack of trust in each other, the political parties do not want to have the national election under the rule of another political party.

Noted Jurist Barrister Rafiqul haque in a press briefing clearly stated, “Holding the national election under a neutral caretaker government is a must for Bangladesh as both the major political parties do not have the trust in each other. ” He said, “The country’s political situation will be more volatile if the caretaker government system is dropped from the constitution. ” It is ironic that political parties who brought in the caretaker government provisions in the constitution in 1996 to ensure free and fair general elections have rendered the system controversial over the years.

As the major political parties do not have faith in each other, the caretaker government system is the only option for conducting a clear and peaceful election. If we look into the political history of Bangladesh we can see that whenever a parliamentary election has been hold by a political government and under its Election Commission, there was always a question of transparency and acceptability of election results. In one hand, where the present chief Election Commissioner, Mr.

ATM Shamsul Huda is deliberately saying in every press briefing, “ We are able to conduct a fair election and publish a authentic result”, the past few incidents regarding ‘Municipal and Union election’ shows the story of other hand. There have been enormous reports published in newspapers regarding ‘Municipal and Union election’ which have taken place very recently that the Election Commission’s authorized persons have intentionally made the persons winners who were the supporters of the present government.

Reports in the newspaper mentioned about places like Narayangonj, Bikrampur, Gopalgonj and some other also. If in ‘Municipal and Union’ elections, these types of incidents took place then surely the National parliamentary Election held under this Election Commission will be nothing but a stage show. At present, the whole statements of the Chief Election Commissioner have become self-contradictory. They are saying something in front of the public and doing something else behind (resource Lawaspect.com).

If this election commission conducts the National parliamentary Election, definitely the countrymen will never have fair and authentic results of the election and it will cause a number of disastrous incidents. Therefore, a caretaker government is immensely needed for fair and acceptable results in the elections of Bangladesh. The statement made by our Home Minister ADV. Sahara Khatun regarding our law enforcement departments was that the Police is doing a great job. According to her, the police is successfully controlling all the mishaps and doing no arm to the people. What about the people who speak on behalf of the people? On the strike of 10th July 2011 for caretaker government, called upon by the opposition parties, all the people of Bangladesh and people all over saw how opposition party’s chief whip Jainal Abedin Faruk was almost beaten to death. He was pulled vigorously in the streets by the police. When he tried to save his skin and ran, all the police on the scene again got all over him and started to kick him and beat him with sticks.

The intellectuals, the civil society all mentioned it as a disgrace to the country’s reputation. Here lies the story of our police force and the government when the opposition party is speaking on behalf of the people for caretaker government. This is truly unexpected and in a way this incident violates the democratic rights of a country. Another story of success I would like to write about is the opposition parties of our country, who are now speaking highly in support of caretaker government.

For re-establishing the caretaker government system, the main opposition parties are now calling on strikes every now and then. Undoubtedly, they do it on behalf of the people and for the betterment of country’s political future and condition of people. However, they forget what common people go through when everything is closed. Day laborers, whose earning depends on a day’s work, cannot manage the necessary items for their families. 24 hours strike means, the country is fully closed for 24 hours.

This includes market of common goods too. As a result, the prices of commodities rise up, making it beyond the reach of the hard life of common people. The two stories of success which I mentioned above are not supposed to take any support of any political parties. The main reason was to state that in every way these two incidents are unexpected and disgraceful for the country’s political history. The point is all these stories leads to the cause of one thing and one thing only and that is re-establishing the caretaker government system.

Therefore, in order to minimize these kinds of incidents caretaker government system must be re-introduced. In Democracy, all in all there is truly no place for systems like caretaker government. However, the fact is, our country has gone through so much political instability and crisis that none of the political parties have any positive attitude and support for each other. M. Abdul Latif Mondal, former secretary, said that people will remember how Awami League agiated for introducing the caretaker government system in Bangladesh with relentless ‘Hartals’.

Now, they are just turning their back to it and want to do the national election under their supervision. They did not even try to give any solid reasons why they want to demolish the system of caretaker government. The Supreme Court in suggestion clearly stated that for the sake of ‘peace’ and public interest, elections ‘may’ be held under the 13th amendment for the next two terms. Sadly, the government did not bother to take the suggestion. Dr.

Kamal Hossain, renowned law maker of the country commented it as a sign of insincerity and political opportunism of the present government. All these actions of the ruling party sent the opposition parties to the brink where they have no choice but to stand up for reasons. In addition, the inexplicable hurry to do away with the caretaker government, even though the next election is two and a half years away, raises questions and doubts about the government.

The caretaker government system was formed in Bangladesh only to conduct the election by 90 days. It has no power to bring any change in the constitution nor, to change the laws of the country but to do the normal daily works of the government and maintain the protocols. Therefore, for the sake of public trust and a transparent election, the caretaker government system must go on. As a democratic country, every political party in Bangladesh along with the people has the right to say for or against any issue of the country.

Therefore, if the major political parties, intellectuals are opposing the decision of government regarding voiding the caretaker government system from the constitution of Bangladesh, it has to be re-considered again. It does not have to be a one-sided decision by the government as it is a matter of a country’s political future and stability. Therefore, the caretaker government system must be continued for a peaceful and fair election, for clear and satisfactory results of the election and for minimizing unexpected incidents. References Karim Tariq A. (January 2007).

Bangladesh at the Crossroads. United States Institute of Peace. http://www. usip. org/files/resources/sr181. pdf M. Abdul Latif Mondal (December 23, 2004). Political Parties and Non-party Caretaker Government. [Electronic version]. EBSCOHost. Dr. Kamal (March 22, 2011). Caretaker Govt. should stay. Daily New Age. Hasan Ur Rashid (April 9, 2011) Do we need a caretaker government? Editorial. The Daily Star. Barrister Rafiqul Haque (April 22, 2011), in his own words [television series episode]. Tritio Matra. Channel I. http://www. banglapedia. org/httpdocs/HT/C_0041. HTML

Motivation is the act or process of motivating; a stimulus, influence, incentive, or drive. Motivation occurs rather its internal or external. Motivation is a way to encourage us to achieve our goals. A reward or incentive to push someone to complete their goal. A drive within yourself (personal or business) to complete your goal. For example, I know if I get my degree I will earn more money and have better hours at work. Internal and external factors play a big role in motivation and will get you to the next level and bring much success.

External factors of motivation are good for the people who don’t have much will power within themselves to accomplish a goal. Receiving a reward or incentive alter a goal is completed will keep them motivated and continue to strive to become successful. Motivation is a type of energy that keeps us going and trying to reach our goal. Internal and external sources are complementary in order for motivation to occur. Without motivation there’s not a will or a want to get the job done rather its internal or external. Motivation is the key to success and rewards.

I feel people need motivation regardless if its something they like or dislike because motivation is what keeps us going; when other people say we can’t do this or do that. Motivation gives the person that extra push or boost that they need to get the job done. The relationship between motivation and behavior goes hand in hand. Depending on how one’s behavior is will determine how motivated they are. For instance if someone have a low self esteem they probably won’t be as motivated as someone who self esteem is high.

A person that is very confident and achieve many other goals will be motivated by these factors. Some people can be self motivated and others need to be motivated by another person. A person with low self esteem will need to be motivated by another person because they will be unable to motivate themselves. Working at the juvenile facility I see many different behaviors. The clients there are motivated by different things drawing, writing rap songs or being competitive with each other. The client use more of external factors to be motivated.

As a team leader I use different client behavior to motivate them to do better or making better decision. For example, if I have several clients that are acting up; I will separate them from other clients and counsel them on their behavior. I will setup an agreement for them to sign and if they abide by it, they will receive extra time on phone call; outside recreation or be a captain throughout the shift. The clients are motivated through external factors to maintain a good behavior. Giving them privileges by rewarding them will motivate them to change their behavior and start acting good.

Motivation is exhibit in behavior if a person is motivated by money, they will work hard to be successful at making money. I am motivated to get my degree so I can be more of an assistance to the problems that juveniles faces today. My behavior is focus on reaching that goal and motivating myself more even when I am tired or feel like it is too much to deal with. Another example using one of the clients; they have a release date and it can change due to good or bad behavior. Having a good behavior the client may go home in 5 months, and bad behavior can be extended to 8 months.

Most of the clients strive for the 5 month goal so they can keep a positive attitude and try to stay away from negativity or other things that increase the length of their stay. Motivation plays a big role in all our lives whether its internal or external. There are a lot of things that can motivate us and people are motivated in different ways. Some people can motivate themselves and others need that extra boost from another individual, but either way motivation can change the way a person act or get the job done. Being motivated makes us all successful when our goal is accomplished.