There is comparatively small academic literature refering be aftering position of environmental direction within ports.The literature reappraisal will first cover a comprehensive sum-up of the basic characteristics of strategic port be aftering including the definition, with the accent on the importance of port environmental protection, planning and direction. Thorough analysis of the environmental issues related to ports will be conducted to derive a more comprehensive apprehension of port environmental protection in New Doha port. A reappraisal will besides be done in analyzing the present methods followed in extenuating bing jobs. Second an lineation of the new Doha port will be done affecting Qatar ‘s new policy and the grounds for gestating the new port.
2.2 Strategic Port Planning
Planing and development of ports requires extended organisation and coaction.Strategic planning in port can be defined as “ systematic and go oning procedure which enables a port and its direction to clearly find mission, way and activities ” ( AAPA,1998 ) .
One of the cardinal rules to be followed on be aftering a haven is that it should be flexible to suit the periodic emerging alterations go oning in the engineering of ships and lading handling. Therefore placing the factors that effects the port in the hereafter including an assessment of the port ‘ s external and internal environment can be considered as a top precedence aim in strategic port planning. The major map of environment assessment is to use the identified chances by developing appropriate responses and to move upon the counter menaces in its market portion. To measure the strategic investing required in footings of human resources, preparation, installations and substructure, a clear appraisal of port ‘s strength and failing is indispensable. It is imperative for a port to place its environment and its competition, its vision and mission and its schemes.
Ideally a port is designed harmonizing the demands of the aims of the port, which in bend depends on the mission statement. Mission statement includes four elements – intent, scheme, behavior criterions and values. The purpose elements explains why the company exits, scheme explains the competitory place and typical competency of company, values suggests why the company exits and behaviour criterions look in to the policies and behavior forms that underpins the typical competency and the value system of company. ( Gaur,2009 )
An ideal individual typology for port planning can seldom be achieved.The installations which a port provides is designed by sing ships which uses them, the land conveyance and the port installations at the other terminal of the route-that is, as portion of an integrated conveyance system. A contriver should ever see the jobs in the port, in the context of the larger conveyance system of which the port is a portion. He should besides be cognizant of that fact that that strategic and societal considerations play an of import function in the location of a new port. Within these bounds he should, nevertheless must be able to promote and help the industrial contrivers to seek for the overall optimal economic declaration.
Port development and planning is mostly influenced by legion factors such as demand, competition, alterations in trade forms, port direction, lading managing engineering, environmental force per unit areas etc.
Environmental Issues of Port
Sea ports are really many-sided system when viewed from environmental point of position. The, the really being of ports, every bit good as any enlargement can ever consequences in a certain loss of habitat.In fact most of the elements including building and operation of ports in one manner or another manner can be associated with environmental impact. Pollution in ports can take topographic point either under normal conditions or by chance ( Darbra et al. , 2004 ) . The changeless and motion of ships in a limited and compact country can take to hits between ships or between ships and the seashore at frequent intervals, following hazard the of the release of risky stuffs ( Trozzi andVaccaro, 2000 ) .Ports faces with different environmental issues and is greatly influenced by the features of each port ( Casal, et al. , 1999 ) .
Table 2-1 ( A ) summarizes the ranking of the major environmental issues in sea ports,
harmonizing to the consequences obtained from the Europe Sea Ports Organization ( ESPO )
The have been a batch of alterations occurred over the 13 old ages ase shown in the tabular array.Port waste which non even present in the 1996 top 10 ranking was able achieve the first placed in 2003.In 2009 pollution caused by noise topped the chart. These alterations can be considered as the consequence of increased environmental consciousness in ports and the actions carried out as a consequence of increasing force per unit area from environmental statute law.
Contributions of Port Activities in Pollution
A broad scope activities in port and seaport including dredging operations, stuffs disposal, shore zone development, increased maritime traffic and vehicular traffic in the port has an result in the signifier of anthropogenetic contaminations to the environment ( Trozzi and Vaccaro, 2000 ) .
Pollution jobs caused by port activities can be characterized into the followers:
Destruction of coastal home grounds and silting of navigational channels due to causeway building and land renewal ;
Unregulated mariculture activities in the port and harbour countries may endanger pilotage safety ;
Surface H2O quality impairment can go on during the building and operation stages ;
Operationss in port and seaport can bring forth sewerage, bilge wastes, solid waste and escape of harmful stuffs both from shore and ships ;
Contamination of coastal H2O by urban outflowing discharge can impact the human and fish wellness
Pollution caused by oil due to the port/harbour and transportation operations is one of the major environmental jeopardies. This includes bilge oil released from commercial ships managing non-oil lading every bit good as the more common menace from oil oilers
Air pollutant emanations due to transport emanations, lading and unloading activities, building emanation and emanations due to vehicular motion. Gupta et Al. ( 2002, p. 199 )
Air Pollution
The major air pollutants related to port activities are particulate affair ( PM ) , volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) , nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , ozone, and sulfur oxides ( SOx ) . Other pollutants such as C monoxide ( CO ) , formaldehyde, heavy metals, dioxins, and pesticides can do jobs as good ( Bailey and Solomon, 2004 ) .Construction and blues, gas oil produced during
oil merchandise conveyance, emanations of conveyance vehicles are considered to be major beginnings of air pollution in ports. Specific analysis is as follows ( Bailey, 2004 ) :
A mixture of lime dust is produce during port building which involves land pile, digging, route resurfacing, stuffs transport, and cement projecting.These have a definite impact on the air in the larboard country.
Another beginning doing air pollution is the dust released during the procedure of managing and transporting of coal, ore, grain and other substances.The secondary stirring of dust may besides happen whenever natural air current blow are produced with storage of similar wares majority paces. Atmospheric dust pollution may ensue from the fuel used in aided lifting installations ;
Gass produced during port operation besides causes serious air pollution.During the burden, transporting and storing of oil merchandises and liquids at oil ports and container zones exhaust gases are emitted.These gases are referred as oil gases.Exhaust gases are besides emitted from cargo trucks and transit vehicles. ( Bailey, 2004 ) .
Another beginning includes indirect GHG emanations associated with the import and ingestion of purchased electricity by a port for port-owned edifices and operationsA
hypertext transfer protocol: //iaphtoolbox.wpci.nl/GreenG_strategies.html
The largest emanation beginnings within ports are from marine vass, trucks and lading handling equipment. Together they account for over 90 % of emanations at ports. Figure 2-2 shows the PM emanations and NOx emanations ( Bailey, 2004 ) .
Largest Emission Beginnings within Ports ( PM Emissions and NOx Emissions ) Sourcei?sBailey, 2004.
Noise Pollution
Noise can be transferred through waterborne, airborne and structureborne. Most of the noise pollution is the airborne noise and it can act upon related country nearby ports ( Trozzi and Vaccaro, 2000 ) Theory of biotechnologies provinces that ‘when the noise operating environment is more than a certain threshold the operating efficiency will worsen aggressively. it will take operation mistakes so cause security incidents
Noise in the shore: Construction and operation of a port are the chief beginnings of noise pollution In port areas.This include the noise of building machinery, traffic noise, mechanical noise of burden and unloading and other transportation activities.
Ship noise includes the noise of ship operation, cabin mechanical impacting, air flow quiver, which can earnestly affected staff ‘s physical and mental health..
Water Pollution
Port activities and development procedure have larger part in H2O pollution. Major pollutants include direct pollutants during building and operation stages and indirect pollutant happening from the port under development.
Construction of a new port or development includes edifice of Cofferdam, land renewal, waterway dredging which can ensue in sea H2O turbidness ; and the possible discharge of risky substances in deposits at the surface of H2O cause secondary pollution ; Port activities doing H2O pollution are listed below:
Ballast H2O, rinsing procedure of oil oilers, cabin H2O, gas Stationss on shore, repair machinery and traveling machinery wash H2O are illustration of effluent incorporating oil by merchandises ;
Runoff H2O from storm cloacas and coal storage Fe ore, non-metallic ore, the terminal pace, the wash H2O of the terminal surface, the belt corridor and other topographic points, and the leaked sewerage H2O from coal and or mines Toxic, risky stuffs and bulk liquid from containers and transport ships can be present in the cleansing sewerage
Port part and ship sewerage, chiefly from local canteens, bathrooms, lavatories, office edifices and other ships anchored in port ; and, Industrial effluents produced from the nearby port industrial zone.
Botching and breakage of lading procedure, mistake in machine or mistake of loaders and deficiency of care can take to leakage of oils, fuels, chemical substances, toxic stuff and liquids International Association of Ports and Harbors ( IAPH ) , 1999 ) :
The Impact of Port Development on Natural Resources
( Manual for Environmental Impact Assessment of Port and Harbours, 2000 ) :
The Impacts of Port Development on Environment and Ecology
2.3 Environmental Planning and Management in Ports
The intent of environmental direction is to protect environment and natural resources systems in the port environing country and to guarantee the sustainability of development attempts over a long-run footing ( Environmental Impact Assessment of Irrigation and DrainageProjects,1995 ) .Throughout the history of port planning at that place has been merely a small attending paid to the major environmental facets Planing procedure at ports is fundamentally in the custodies of civil applied scientists and surveyors ( Anon,1997 ) and therefore the precedence has ever been on proficient criterions and land values. The environmental facets considered during port development have by and large been the byproducts of related statute law, such as Health and Safety ordinances, unsafe goods country spacing, waste response and disposal, and traffic planning for ship safety ( Couper, 1999 ) .
Procedures involved in environmental planning within the port.
Environmental planning in ports is cyclic in nature with puting the end is the first measure. This is followed by carry oning a pre-feasibility ( PF ) survey where decision-makers feedback is besides taken into consideration which may ensue in changing the end or altering the aims of making it. After carry oning the existent Feasibility Study ( FS ) a program will be formulated. The program will be so adopted, implemented and will be continuously monitored until the end is reached. ( Couper, 1999 ) .
Harmonizing to Couper boulder clay 2000 there has been three development in of environmental planning in ports.
Figure states that there is a feedback at each phase in the rhythm so that the
program can be returned to predating phases for amendment.
Procedure in the 1980s follows the same process as of 1970 ‘s with the inclusion of, environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) after the determination of following the program and before execution
A more recent planning model is shown in the fig ( ) . Here more precedence is given to environmental component and has appeared earlier and at more critical points in the rhythm.An initial environmental appraisal ( IEA ) is conducted at the pre-feasibility ( PF ) phase and consequences are fed back to the initiators.A full EIA. Is carried down at Feasibility Study ( FS ) . The environmental input is therefore portion of the decision-making procedure before the preparation of a program, non a subsequent process after the determination to follow a undertaking has been taken ( Couper, 1999, p. 169 ) .
Environmental Legislation Affecting Ports
For developing a harmonious relationship between worlds and nature, port contrivers and developers must pay more attending to environmental protection.A comprehensive national legal system plays an indispensable function in healthy and systematic port development ( Weiqun Yang, 2000 ) .In response to international political and public consciousness, some authoritiess are already step ining rather strongly in port development and direction ( UNESCO, 1991 ) . In the European Community ( EC ) environmental personal businesss are dealt with through Directives. These are adhering on member States with regard to the ends of the Directives ( UNESCO, 1991 ) . However, States may follow assorted aims towards the ends. The EC Directive 85/337 advocators, amongst other things, that all major industries carry out an environmental audit. This applies besides to every port, ( including those on inland waterways ) which accepts vass of over 1350t ( Couper, 1999 ) .For illustration in United Kingdom, the Environmental Protection Act ( 1990 ) is considered to be following the ends of the EC Directive and yet there is no proper organic structure for organizing environmental affairs in authorities and no compulsory demand for an environmental audit. ( Couper, 1999 ) .
Therefore a state ‘s policies and Torahs are critical to the port ‘s environmental protection in footings of their regulation and keeping roles.A state ‘s environmental policies and ordinance is influenced by batch of factors like political, societal and climatic conditions.Since the cased survey of this research is based on new Doha port, Qatar ‘s environmental protectionrelated ordinances and policies will be discussed in this literature along the complete position of overview of the new Doha port.
